Exam 1: NR293 / NR 293 (Latest Update 2024/2025) Pharmacology Review| Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct -Chamberlain
Exam 1: NR293 / NR 293 (Latest Update
2024/2025) Pharmacology Review| Complete
Guide with Questions and Verified Answers|
100% Correct -Chamberlain
Q: Pharmacotherapeutics
Answer:
treatment of conditions
Q: enteral route
Answer:
through the GI tract
Q: parenteral tract
Answer:
outside the GI tract
Q: how is medication absorption different for neonates and children?
Answer:
they have less gastric acid to break down medications and availability is higher
Q: why do more drugs enter neonate and children’s brains, why are meds not as easily
excreted/destroyed by liver and kidneys ?
Answer:
immature BBB, liver, and kidneys
Q: Polypharmacy
Answer:
The use of multiple medications on a regular basis
Q: during which phase of the nursing process does a nurse prioritize the nursing diagnoses?
Answer:
planning
Q: the nurse recognizes that drugs given by which route will be altered by the first pass effect?
a. oral
b. sublingual
c. subcutaneous
d. IV
e. rectal
Answer:
oral and rectal
Q: the nurse is reviewing a list of a patient’s medications and notes one of the drugs has a low
therapeutic index. what does this mean?
Answer:
the difference between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose are very close together
Q: when drug A is an enzyme inhibitor of drug B, the nurse will anticipate what result of drug
B?
Answer:
level of drug B could rise to toxicity
Q: A drug is highly protein bound, what does this mean?
Answer:
it will have a longer duration of action
Q: do no harm is what ethical principle?
Answer:
nonmaleficence
Q: Which legal act required drug manufacturers to establish the safety and efficacy of a new
drug before its approval for use?
Answer:
Kefauver-Harris, amendment of 1962
Q: over the counter drugs (otc) are
Answer:
nonprescription drugs that are used for short term treatment
Q: what herbal supplement is used to promote sleep and relaxation, prolonged use can cause
yellow discoloration of nails, risk for liver toxicity
Answer:
kava
Q: herbal supplement used to decrease nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy
Answer:
ginkgo
Q: which drug classes are used as OTC remedies ?
a. NSAIDs
b. cold remedies
c. antibiotics
d.smoking deterrent drugs
e. antihypertensive drugs
f. histamine 2 (H2) blockers
Answer:
A, B,D,F
Q: what are side effects of NSAIDs?
Answer:
stroke, MI, GI ulcers, kidney dysfunction
Q: what do antibiotics do?
Answer:
fight off infection caused by bacteria
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Risks for injury know that anything can be a possible risk for patient injury
9 rights of medicine administration right patient, right dose, right medication, right time, right documentation, right route, right reason, right response
what is a prototype the first drug of a class that all others are based from (ex- morphine)
what is pharmacokinetics what the body does to the drug
what is pharmacodynamics what the drug does to the body
bioavailability what portion of the drug that entered the circulation can have an effect on the body
first pass effect a drug enters the GI tract and is filtered to the liver where some is destroyed
what enzymes work in the liver P-450 enzymes
if a patient has cirrhosis of the liver, what will happen when they take a medication? When the medication passes through the liver for the first pass, there will be less P-450 enzymes so the bioavailability of the medication will be higher and it will circulate in the bloodstream longer.
half life time required for 50% of the drug to be removed from the body
Pharmacotherapeutics treatment of conditions
enteral route through the GI tract
parenteral tract outside the GI tract
how is medication absorption different for neonates and children? they have less gastric acid to break down medications and availability is higher
why do more drugs enter neonate and children’s brains, why are meds not as easily excreted/destroyed by liver and kidneys ? immature BBB, liver, and kidneys
Polypharmacy The use of multiple medications on a regular basis
during which phase of the nursing process does a nurse prioritize the nursing diagnoses? planning
the nurse recognizes that drugs given by which route will be altered by the first pass effect? a. oralb. sublingualc. subcutaneous d. IVe. rectal oral and rectal
the nurse is reviewing a list of a patient’s medications and notes one of the drugs has a low therapeutic index. what does this mean? the difference between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose are very close together
when drug A is an enzyme inhibitor of drug B, the nurse will anticipate what result of drug B? level of drug B could rise to toxicity
A drug is highly protein bound, what does this mean? it will have a longer duration of action
do no harm is what ethical principle? nonmaleficence
Which legal act required drug manufacturers to establish the safety and efficacy of a new drug before its approval for use? Kefauver-Harris, amendment of 1962
over the counter drugs (otc) are nonprescription drugs that are used for short term treatment
what herbal supplement is used to promote sleep and relaxation, prolonged use can cause yellow discoloration of nails, risk for liver toxicity kava
herbal supplement used to decrease nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy ginkgo
which drug classes are used as OTC remedies ?a. NSAIDsb. cold remedies c. antibiotics d.smoking deterrent drugs e. antihypertensive drugs f. histamine 2 (H2) blockers A, B,D,F
what are side effects of NSAIDs? stroke, MI, GI ulcers, kidney dysfunction
what do antibiotics do? fight off infection caused by bacteria
Bacteriostatic doesn’t kill bacteria, it inhibits growth
bactericidal kills bacteria
healthcare associated infections are contracted in a hospital or institution (>48 hours after admin) , are more difficult to treat, and are more virulent
antiseptics are used for living tissue, inhibit growth of bacteria
disinfectants used on nonliving tissue, destroy/kill organisms
what is a priority of the nurse to perform before beginning an antibiotic therapy? obtain a culture and sensitivity specimen
prophylactic therapy preventative measure, antibiotics given before a procedure to ensure that an infection will not start
empiric therapy treatment of an infection before c+s information has been obtained or reported
definitive therapy treatment of a specific infection after receiving repot of c+s
what two classes of antibiotics are common for causing allergic reactions? penicillins and sulfonamides
if a person is allergic to penicillin, what other class of antibiotics should be looked into? cephalosporins
what is the main example of sulfonamides? Bactrim
what must Bactrim be taken with? 2000-3000 mL of H20/ day
what is the MOA of sulfonamides ? bacteriostatic
Indications for sulfonamides broad spectrum, gram + or -; UTIs
adverse effects of sulfonamides SJS, photosensitivity
contraindications of sulfonamides allergy, pregnancy
what are the main examples of Beta Lactams- penicillins amoxicillin, ampicillin
penicillins MOA bactericidal
indications of penicillins gram + ; strep throat
adverse effects of penicillins pruritus, GI upset, throat swelling
contraindications of penicillins allergy, renal failure
Cephalosporins Gen 1 cefalexin and cefazolin (surgical prophylaxis and staph)
Cephalosporins Gen 2 cefoxitin (abdominal surgery, colorectal)
Cephalosporins Gen 3 cefidinir and ceftrixone (meningitis)
Cephalosporins Gen 4 cefedime (uncomplicated UTI)
cephalosporins Gen 5 ceftaroline (MRSA)
cephalosporins MOA bactericidal
cephalosporins indications 1st gen: good +, poor -2nd gen: good +, better -3rd gen: gram -4th gen: +, some -5th gen: broad spectrum
cephalosporins adverse effects SJS, rash, cross sensitivity with penicillins, GI upset
cephalosporins contraindications allergy to penicillin
cephalosporins nursing implications must infuse slowly
what is the main example of carbapenems? meropenem (merrem)
carbapenems MOA bacteriostatic
carbapenems indications broadest spectrum; complicated body cavity infections, bone, joints, tissue
carbapenems adverse effects drug induced seizure
carbapenems contraindications hypersensitivity, seizures
carbapenems nursing implications infuse over 60 minutes
ketolides main example telithromycin (ketek)
ketolides MOA bacteriostatic
ketolides indications limited use, pneumonia
ketolides adverse effects hepatotoxicity, GI upset, rash, fatigue
Ketolides Contraindications severe liver disease
main example of monobactams Azactam
monobactams MOA bactericidal
monobactams indications UTI, moderate-severe systemic infections
monobactams adverse effects GI upset, rash, fever
monobactams contraindication hypersensitivity, GI upset
macrolides main examples Azithromycin (Zithromax) and erythromycin (E-mycin)
macrolides MOA bacteriostatic
macrolides indications STIs and lyme disease
macrolides adverse effects GI upset and jaundice
Macrolides contraindications liver disease, bradycardia
Tetracyclines main example Tetracycline
Tetracyclines MOA bacteriostatic
Tetracyclines indications broad spectrum
Tetracyclines adverse effects discoloration of permanent teeth, disturbs growth
Tetracyclines Contraindications pregnancy, children <8 yrs ; photosensitivity
Tetracyclines Nursing Implications Avoid milk products, antacids, and other dairy products; Take all medications with 6 to 8 ounces of fluid, preferably water, avoid sunlight and tanning beds
aminoglycosides examples Neomycin (swimmers ear) Gentamycin (UTI)
aminoglycosides MOA bactericidal
aminoglycosides indications Life-threatening infections, sepsis
aminoglycosides adverse effects OTOTOXIC and NEPHROTOXIC
aminoglycosides contraindications Known allergies, renal or hepatic disease, hearing loss
aminoglycosides nursing implications monitor I+O, BUN, and creatinine
quinolones main examples ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
quinolones MOA bactericidal
quinolones indications Bone and joint infections,UTIs
quinolones adverse effects QT prolongation, tendon rupture
Quinolones contraindications ehler’s danlose syndrome, prolonged QT interval, pregnancy, children
Quinolones Nursing Implications Infuse over 1 to 1.5 hours ;Vitamin K is affected – caution with warfarin
misc- Clindamycin (cleocin) MOA bacteriostatic
misc- Clindamycin (cleocin) indications septicemia
misc- Clindamycin (cleocin) adverse effects thrush and GI upset
misc- Clindamycin (cleocin) contraindications GI conditions, c-diff, skeletal muscle disorders
MISC- Clindamycin (cleocin) nursing implications may react with muscle relaxants
MISC: Linezolid (Zyvox) MOA bactericidal
MISC: Linezolid (Zyvox) indications VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcal )
MISC: Linezolid adverse effects hypotension, serotonin syndrome
MISC: Linezolid (Zyvox) contraindications pregnancy and breast feeding
MISC: Linezolid (Zyvox) nursing implications reacts with TYRAMINE containing food
(Misc.) Metronidazole (Flagyl) MOA bactericidal
(Misc.) Metronidazole (Flagyl) indications intra-abdominal and gynecological infections
(Misc.) Metronidazole (Flagyl) adverse effects fatal hepatotoxicity
(Misc.) Metronidazole (Flagyl) contraindications renal impairment
(Misc.) Metronidazole (Flagyl) nursing implications interacts with several other medications
(Misc.) Vancomycin (Vancocin) MOA bactericidal
(Misc.) Vancomycin (Vancocin) indications meningitis, MRSA
(Misc.) Vancomycin (Vancocin) adverse effects ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity; red man syndrome
(Misc.) Vancomycin (Vancocin) contraindications renal or hearing impairment
(Misc.) Vancomycin (Vancocin) nursing implications MUTS BE RUN ALONE. slow the infusion to avoid RMSmonitor IV site and for signs of anaphylaxis
a nurse is reviewing the drugs ordered for a patient. A drug interaction occurs with penicillin and this drug. Which could they be?a. alcoholb. oral contraceptivesc. digoxin d. NSAIDs e. Warfarin f. anticonvulsants b,d,e
the nurse knows that the use of tetracyclines is restricted in children nuder 8 because of what effect? a. stunting of growth platesb. threat of sunburn c. discoloration of permanent teeth d. psuedamonas colitis c.
a patient is preparing for colon surgery and will be receiving neomycin tablets during the day before surgery. he asks the nurse why he needs to take the medicine before he even has surgery. what is the best response?a. this medicine helps clear out your bowels before surgery b. it helps to reduce the number of bacteria in your intestines c. it is given to sterilize the bowels d. it is given to prevent an infection after surgery b. Neomycin can act as an enema for patients receiving colon surgery
what is a common adverse effect that occurs when vancomycin is infused too quickly? red man syndrome
what is the method of action of quinolones? interruption of bacterial DNA replication resulting in cell death (bactericidal)
after an infusion of Coly-Mycin, the nurse will report to the prescriber if the patient complains of which adverse effects?a. numbness b. vertigo c. upset stomach d. insomnia e. dizziness a,b,e
the nurse is reviewing the list of medications for a patient who will be starting antibiotic therapy with an aminoglycoside. which medications may present a possible interaction?a. metoprolol, a beta blocker b. Furosemide, a loop diuretic c. warfarin, an oral anticoagulant d. Vancomycin, an antibiotice. Levothyroxine, a thyroid hormone b,c,d
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) MOA -Fusion Inhibitor -Blocks the fusion of HIV to CD4 receptor
Enfivirtide indications HIV
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) adverse effects Injection-site reactions, pneumonia, and hypersensitivity reactions
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) contraindications children <6 yrs
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) nursing implications monitor viral load and assess for signs of pneumonia
Antivirals: Ribavirin (Virazole) MOA inhibit viral DNA and RNA synthesis
Antivirals: Ribavirin (Virazole) indications severe lower respiratory tract infections and HEP C
Antivirals: Ribavirin (Virazole) adverse effects anemia, rash, dizziness, hypotension
Antivirals: Ribavirin (Virazole) contraindications mechanical ventilation, pregnancy
Antivirals: Ribavirin (Virazole) nursing implications assess for neurological changes and may cause MI
Antivirals: Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) MOA inhibits replication
Antivirals: Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) indications HEP C
Antivirals: Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) adverse effects GI upset, fatigue, headache, insomnia, itching
Antivirals: Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) contraindications bradycardia, beta blockers, liver disease
A patient with HIV infection is seen in the clinic. The nurse notes the patient is experiencing weight loss, chronic diarrhea, fever, and dropping CD4 counts. The nurse anticipates the patient is in which stage of HIV infection?a. stage Ib. Stage IIc. Stage III d. Stage IV c. stage III
A patient with active HIV has been taking zidovudine (Retrovir). Which potential adverse effect may limit the length of time this medication can be taken?A.Lactic acidosisB.Bone marrow suppressionC.HepatomegalyFatigue b. bone marrow suppression
Antifungals: Griseofulvin MOA disrupts cell division and inhibits fungal cell mitosis *not commonly used anymore
Antifungals: Amphotericin B MOA binds to sterols in cell membrane lining resulting in cell death
Antifungals: Amphotericin B indications candidiasis
Antifungals: Amphotericin B adverse effects increase liver enzymes, neurological changes, GI upset, nephrotoxicity
Antifungals: Amphotericin B contraindications breast feeding
Antifungals: Amphotericin B nursing implications monitor vitals every 30 minutes for the first 2-4 hours after administration
A patient is diagnosed with onychomycosis. The nurse anticipates use of which medication for the treatment of this condition?A. terbinafine (Laminal)B. voriconazole (Vfend)C.fluconazole (Diflucan)D.amphotericin B (Amphocin, Fungizone) A.
Antifungals: Fluconazole (Diflucan) MOA alters cell metabolism resulting in fungal death
Antifungals: Fluconazole (Diflucan) adverse effects Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, increased liver enzymes
Antifungals: Fluconazole (Diflucan) indications candidiasis of mouth or vagina; prophylactic for bone marrow transplant
Antifungals: Fluconazole (Diflucan) contraindications liver or renal failure
Antifungals: Fluconazole (Diflucan) nursing implications assess for rash or systemic infection
Antifungals Nystatin (Mycostatin) MOA binds to sterols in the fungal cell lining, results in death of cell
Antifungals Nystatin (Mycostatin) indications candidiasis of oral cavity
Antifungals Nystatin (Mycostatin) adverse effects SJS and GI upset
Antifungals Nystatin (Mycostatin) nursing implications assess oral membranes before, during, and after for irritation
A patient is taking nystatin (Mycostatin) in an oral troche form for oral candidiasis. Which instruction is correct?A.Allow the troche to dissolve slowly in the mouth.B.Swish the medication in the mouth and then swallow it.C.Chew the troche thoroughly to activate the medication.D.Swallow the troche whole without chewing. A.
A patient has developed an aspergillosis infection. Which tissue does the aspergillosis affect?A.SkinB.NailsC.BloodD. Lungs D. lungs
A patient is receiving amphotericin B lipid complex. The nurse knows that an advantage of the lipid formulations of this drug is that they:A.have a lower cost.B.can be administered quickly.C.take longer to be absorbed.cause fewer adverse effects. D.
Fifteen minutes after an infusion of amphotericin B was started, the patient begins to complain of fever, chills, muscle pain, and nausea. His heart rate has increased slightly, but his blood pressure is down to 100/68 mm Hg. What is the nurse’s priority?A.Notify the prescriber immediately.B.Recognize an impending anaphylactic reaction and stop the infusion.C.Assess for other symptoms of this expected infusion-related reaction.D.Slow the infusion to reduce these adverse effects. c.
what is a neoplasm? mass of cells, tumor
lymphomas and leukemias are also known as circulating tumors
cell cycle nonspecific drugs cytotoxic at many different stages
cell cycle specific drugs cytotoxic at a specific stage
chemotherapy is harmful to all rapidly growing cells including cancer cells and normal human cells
antineoplastic drugs drugs used to treat cancer
folate antagonists: Pemetrexed (Alimta) MOA disrupts folate metabolism
folate antagonists: Pemetrexed (Alimta) indications malignant tumor
folate antagonists: Pemetrexed (Alimta) adverse effects pharyngitis, constipation, nausea, rash, infection
folate antagonists: Pemetrexed (Alimta) nursing implications monitor for bone marrow suppression
folate antagonists: Pralatrexate indication T cell lymphoma
folate antagonists: Pralatrexate MOA disrupts folate metabolism
folate antagonists: Pralatrexate adverse effects thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, sepsis
folate antagonists: Pralatrexate nursing implications monitor for bone marrow suppression
purine antagonists: fludarabine (F-AMP) MOA inhibits DNA synthesis
purine antagonists: fludarabine (F-AMP) indications B cell leukemia
purine antagonists: fludarabine (F-AMP) adverse effects neurotoxicity, GI upset, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
purine antagonists: fludarabine (F-AMP) contraindications hypersensitivity and renal impairment
purine antagonists: fludarabine (F-AMP) nursing implications monitor for visual changes, weakness, and confusion
Pyrimidine antagonists: fluorouracil (5-FU) MOA inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
Pyrimidine antagonists: fluorouracil (5-FU) indications many types of cancers
Pyrimidine antagonists: fluorouracil (5-FU) adverse effects alopecia, anemia, photosensitivity, thrombocytopenia
Pyrimidine antagonists: fluorouracil (5-FU) contraindications bone marrow decreased
Pyrimidine antagonists: fluorouracil (5-FU) nursing implications IV site inflammation, vitals monitored, signs of infection
What are mitotic inhibitors? Drugs that kill cells as the process of mitosis begins
Extravasation leakage from a vessel into the tissue
mitotic inhibitors adverse effects hair loss, nausea/vomiting, liver, kidney, and lung toxicity, and extravasation
mitotic inhibitors indications non small cell lung cancer, testicular, breast, ovarian, kaposi’s, and acute leukemia cancers
mitotic inhibitors nursing implications monitor for effects on tissues
mitotic inhibitors MOA can work in various phases of the cell cycle
what are Alkaloid Topoisomerase II inhibitors used for? small cell cancer and testicular cancer
Alkaloid Topoisomerase II inhibitors implications remember all cells are affected ; monitor for effects on these tissues or complications ; monitor for complications
The nurse is caring for a patient who received chemotherapy 24 hours ago. The patient’s white blood cell count is 4,400 mcL. Which symptom, if experienced by the patient, should the nurse report to the prescriber immediately?A.FatigueB.DiarrheaC.FeverNausea and vomiting C. this is a sign of early infection; normal WBC count is 4500 to 10,000 mcL
When working with a patient who is neutropenic, the nurse identifies which as the most effective measure to prevent the patient from developing an infection?A.Administer prophylactic antibiotics.B.Stop administration of the chemotherapeutic drug.C.Perform hand hygiene.D.Vaccinate the patient to prevent bacterial infection. c. risk for infection is a serious adverse side effect that requires close attention. standard precautions can help quell the spread of pathogens.
Alkylating drugs MOA prevent cancer cells from reproducing
Alkylating drugs indications various types of cancer
Alkylating drugs adverse effects dose limiting adverse effects, alopecia, nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, ototoxicity, extravasation
Alkylating drug examples Cisplatin (Platinol), Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), and Mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard)
what are cytotoxic antibiotics natural substances produced by streptomyces
cytotoxic antibiotics MOA CCNS drugs, blockage of DNA synthesis
cytotoxic antibiotics indications used in combo with chemotherapy regimens ; solid tumors
cytotoxic antibiotics adverse effects bone marrow suppression, hair loss, nausea and vomiting, heart failure, acute left ventricular failure, pulmonary fibrosis, liver, kidney, and cardiovascular toxicities
Hematopoetics: Filgrastim (Neupogen) MOA binds to and stimulates immature neutrophils
Hematopoetics: Filgrastim (Neupogen) indications prevents infection
Hematopoetics: Filgrastim (Neupogen) adverse effects acute respiratory distress, bone pain
Hematopoetics: Filgrastim (Neupogen) contraindications hypersensitivity
Hematopoetics: Sargramostim (Leukine) MOA acts on the bone marrow to increase production of WBC
Hematopoetics: Sargramostim (Leukine) indications bone marrow transplant, non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hematopoetics: Sargramostim (Leukine) adverse effects bone pain, itching, pain
Hematopoetics: Sargramostim (Leukine) contraindications newborns
Hematopoetics: Sargramostim (Leukine) nursing implications assess for sins of infection
what do hematopoietic drugs do? decrease the duration of chemotherapy and allow for higher doses of chemo
Interferons indications leukemia, AIDS, viral infections, MS
Interferons MoA suppresses immune response
Interferons adverse effects flulike symptoms, dose limiting effect, dizziness, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea
“Monoclonal Antibodies (“”mab””) contraindications” very few
monoclonal antibodies adverse effects flulike symptoms
interleukins * proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
capillary leak syndrome result in massive fluid retention due to severe toxicity of aldesleukin therapy
lymphokine activated killer cells recognize and destroy ONLY cancer cells and ignore normal cells
interleukins example aldesleukin
Aldesleukin indications metastatic cell carcinoma and melanoma; HIV and AIDS
what types of drugs are typically used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis? NSAIDs and DMARDs
Methotrexate MOA folic acid antagonist
Methotrexate adverse effects Renal toxicity and drowsiness, bone marrow suppression
Methotrexate indications rheumatoid arthritis
Methotrexate contraindications thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia, concurrent admin of hepatotoxic drugs & hematopoietic suppressants, alcoholism, lactation, immunosuppressed pts
Methotrexate Nursing Implications takes 3-6 weeks for onset of anti rheumatic action
A patient who had a kidney transplant is receiving cyclosporine orally in maintenance doses. What action would decrease the potency of this drug?A.Taking it with orange juiceB.Taking it with milkC.Using a Styrofoam container to administer the drugD.Mixing it with chocolate milk c. styrofoam
Which oral fluid the patient requests with med administration would be most concerning to the nurse for a patient taking cyclosporine?A.WaterB.MilkC.Grapefruit juiceD.Apple juice c. grapefruit juice
A male patient who received a kidney transplant 6 months ago is taking cyclosporine. The patient tells the nurse that he has started to take several herbal preparations. Which does not pose a possible problem for the patient?A.St. John’s wortB.GinkgoC.Cat’s clawD.Echinacea b. ginkgo
humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocyte cells
cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocyte cells
Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine MOA prevents transplant rejection
Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine (Imuran) indications RA, MS, psoriasis, Crohn’s Disease, transplant maintenance
Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine adverse effects leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine contraindications Pregnancy or infection
Immunosuppressants: Azathioprine nursing implications assess for infection; monitor for toxicity
Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporines (sandimmune) MOA inhibit normal immune response
Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporines (sandimmune) indications prevent organ rejection
Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporines (sandimmune) adverse effects renal impairment, increased risk of fatal infection, liver injury, seizures
Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporines (sandimmune) contraindications breastfeeding, hypersensitivity
Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporines (sandimmune) nursing implications no styrofoam cups, black box warning