The ratio of the x axis to the y axis should be…?
2:3
What is correlation?
A relationship between two variables that can be used to predict the relative probability that one event will occur, based on the presence of the other event
What are the three levels of scientific understanding?
Description, prediction, control
Dr. Pennypacker made an important distinction that we do not control behavior, what we do control is the …..
Environment
True or False: Behavior analysts believe that behavior is intrinsic to the organism
False – we believe behavior is extrinsic to the organism
What is prediction in behavior analysis?
The anticipated outcome of presently known or future measurement. It is the most elegant use of quantification upon which validation of all scientific and technological activity rests – Pennypacker
What is experimental control?
A predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the persons environment
What two things make up experimental control?
Internal validity + external validity
What variable is dependent in behavior analysis?
Behavior
What variable is independent in behavior analysis?
The environmental manipulations
What variables do we have to control in order to establish experimental control?
Two – independent variables and extraneous variables
What type of experimental design involves manipulating the value of the independent variable?
Parametric
What type of experimental design involves manipulating the presentation or removal of the independent variable?
Nonparametric
What is verification in behavior analysis?
Verification of the previously predicted level of baseline by termination or withdrawal of the independent/treatment variable
What is replication in behavior analysis?
Reintroducing the treatment variable
What is the definition of a functional relation in behavior analysis?
A statement that occurs when a well-controlled experiment demonstrates that a specific change in one event is reliably produced by specific manipulations of the other event, and that change was unlikely due to extraneous variables
How does a functional relation differ from experimental control?
Experimental control is established when an experiment proves a functional relation between behavior and some aspect of the environment
Which attitude of science involves: the assumption that the world is a lawful and orderly place
Determinism
Verification relates to __ validity
Internal
Replication relates to _ validity
External
Which attitude of science involves: the objective observation and measurement of the phenomena of interest
Empiricism
Which attitude of science involves: controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomena of interest under two or more different conditions. This is the BASIC STRATEGY OF SCIENCE
Experimentation
Which attitude of science involves: continuously questioning the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact. This is the GUIDING CONSCIENCE of science
Philosophical doubt
Which attitude of science involves: ruling out all simple, logical explanations to be ruled out
Parsimony
Which attitude of science is the requirement for believability?
Replication
What type of graph would be best to summarize the performance of participants or groups under different conditions
Bar graphs
What type of graph would be best for looking at the cumulative number of responses?
Cumulative record
Which type of graph would be best for looking at standardized frequency over time?
Standard celeration chart
Which type of graph would be best to look at temporal distribution of response?
Scatterplot
What type of graph is best used to display proportional change?
Ratio chart
High variability indicates __ control
low
What is level in visual analysis of graphs
The value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioral measures occurs
What is trend in visual analysis of graphs?
Direction taken by the data path
measurement
the process of applying quantative labels to observed properties of events using a standard set of rules
indirect measures of assessment
usually first step
-interviews
-checklists
direct measure of assessment
best way
-tests
-direct observation
benefits of measurement
-legitimizes treatment
-increases effectiveness
-accountability
three fundamental properties of measurement
repeatability
temportal extent
temporal locus
measurable dimensions of behavior
features that can be measured
repeatability
behavior can be counted
temporal extent
duration of behavior
temporal locus
when behavior occurs
derivative measures
percentage
proportion of correct-incorrect
trials-to-criterion
proportion of observation intervals when behavior occurs
percentage
ratio formed by combining the same dimensional qualities (expresses proportional qauntity)
trials to criterion
measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetrermiend level of preformance
definitional measures
topography- what it looks like
magnitude- force or intensity
procedures for measuring behavior
event recording
timing
time sampling
questions to determine appropriate measurement
-is real-time measurement needed?
-can it be measured by permanent product?
-cost to obtain/measure the premanent product?
-will contrived product affect behavior?
vailidity
extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior
accuracy
extent to which observed values and the data from measurement match the true state or values of the event
reliability
consistency of measurement, repeated measurement yeilds the same results
line graphs
most common graph
parts of line graph
x/y axis
axis labels
condition change labels
condition labels
data points
data path
figure caption
horizontal axis
x axis
shows absence or presence of ID
vertical axis
y axis
shows value of DV
condition change lines
vertical lines to show points in time where changes in IV occured
condition labels
single word or phase at top of graph to indentify experimetnal control
figure caption
statement that identifies IV and DV
bar graph
used to summarize the preformance of a partipant or group during different conditions
cumalative record
Skinner
automatically draws graph of a subjects rate of behavior by adding number of responses recodred during each observation
steeper slope =
higher response rate
overall response rate
average rate of response over given period of time
local response rate
rate of response during smaller period of time
cumalative recorder is preferred when:
-total number of responses is important
standard celeration chart
standardized means of charting and analyzing how frequency of behavior changes over time
celeration
linear measurement of frequency change across time
precision teaching
developed for use with SCC
-learning is best measured as chabge in repsponse rate
-past changes in preformance can project future learning
scatterplots
shows the relative distribution of individual measures in a data set
-data points not connected
-used to discover temporal distribution
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EDF 6226