In assessing Mr. Cody’s major risk factors for heart disease, which would the nurse want to include when taking a history?
A Family history, hypertension, stress, age
B Smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, family history, high cholesterol, stress
C Personality type, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking
D Alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes, stress, high cholesterol
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
The correct answer is B: Smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, family history, high cholesterol, stress.
Explanation:
When assessing a patient’s major risk factors for heart disease, it is crucial to consider a comprehensive set of factors that are known to contribute to cardiovascular conditions. Here’s a detailed breakdown of why option B encompasses the most relevant risk factors:
- Smoking: Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for heart disease. Smoking contributes to the development of atherosclerosis by damaging the endothelial lining of blood vessels, leading to increased plaque formation. It also increases the risk of thrombosis and reduces levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which protects against heart disease.
- Hypertension: High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It puts extra strain on the heart and blood vessels, increasing the risk of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure. Chronic hypertension leads to arterial damage and promotes the development of atherosclerosis.
- Obesity: Excess body weight, especially abdominal obesity, is linked to a higher risk of heart disease. Obesity contributes to insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels), all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
- Diabetes: Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, significantly increases the risk of heart disease. High blood glucose levels cause damage to blood vessels and nerves, leading to an increased risk of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular problems.
- Family History: A family history of heart disease can indicate a genetic predisposition to cardiovascular conditions. If close relatives have had heart disease, it may suggest an inherited risk factor that needs to be monitored and managed.
- High Cholesterol: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis and an increased risk of heart disease.
- Stress: Chronic stress has been linked to heart disease through various mechanisms, including its impact on blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and unhealthy coping behaviors like smoking or overeating.
While options A, C, and D include some relevant factors, option B is the most comprehensive as it covers a broad range of well-documented risk factors associated with heart disease.