sympathetic division

A. sympathetic division
B. parasympathetic division
C. both sympathetic and parasympathetic
D. neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic

1. Typically has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers
2. Some fibres utilize Gray rami communicants
3. Courses through spinal nerves
4. Has splanchnic nerves
5. Courses through cranial nerves
6. Originates in cranial nerves
7. Effects enhanced by direct stimulation of a hormonal mechanism
8. Includes otic ganglion
9. Includes celiac ganglion
10. Hypoactivity of this division would lead to decrease in metabolic rate
11. Has widespread, long-lasting effects
12. Sets the tone for the heart

The Correct Answer and Explanation is :

Here are the answers for questions 17-28, along with explanations:

1. Typically has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers
   Answer: B. parasympathetic division
   The parasympathetic division has long preganglionic fibers because the ganglia are located close to or within the target organs, meaning the postganglionic fibers are short.
2. Some fibers utilize Gray rami communicants
   Answer: A. sympathetic division
   The sympathetic division uses gray rami communicants to connect the spinal cord to sympathetic ganglia. These rami are part of the pathway by which sympathetic fibers travel to various organs.
3. Courses through spinal nerves
   Answer: A. sympathetic division
   The sympathetic division utilizes spinal nerves to transmit nerve signals to peripheral organs. This is especially true for the sympathetic fibers that travel through the thoracolumbar region.
4. Has splanchnic nerves
   Answer: A. sympathetic division
   Splanchnic nerves are part of the sympathetic division. They originate from the sympathetic trunk and carry fibers to the abdominal and pelvic organs.
5. Courses through cranial nerves
   Answer: B. parasympathetic division
   The parasympathetic division utilizes cranial nerves, such as the vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X), to transmit signals to organs like the heart, lungs, and digestive system.
6. Originates in cranial nerves
   Answer: B. parasympathetic division
   The parasympathetic division has its origin in the cranial nerves (especially the vagus nerve) and the sacral spinal cord, which innervate various organs.
7. Effects enhanced by direct stimulation of a hormonal mechanism
   Answer: A. sympathetic division
   The sympathetic division can enhance its effects via the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla, which is part of the body’s fight-or-flight response.
8. Includes otic ganglion
   Answer: B. parasympathetic division
   The otic ganglion is part of the parasympathetic division and is involved in parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland, affecting salivation.
9. Includes celiac ganglion
   Answer: A. sympathetic division
   The celiac ganglion is associated with the sympathetic division and provides sympathetic innervation to abdominal organs such as the stomach and liver.
10. Hypoactivity of this division would lead to a decrease in metabolic rate
    Answer: B. parasympathetic division
    The parasympathetic division promotes energy conservation and a lower metabolic rate. Hypoactivity here could lead to reduced energy usage.
11. Has widespread, long-lasting effects
    Answer: A. sympathetic division
    The sympathetic division tends to have more widespread and long-lasting effects on the body due to the release of hormones like adrenaline, which affect various organs simultaneously.
12. Sets the tone for the heart
    Answer: B. parasympathetic division
    The parasympathetic division, particularly through the vagus nerve, helps to regulate the heart rate and set a baseline tone by slowing the heart rate.