EXERCISE 13 REVIEW SHEET Neuron Anatomy and Physiology Name Lab Time/Date 1. The cellular unit of the nervous system is the neuron. What is the major function of this cell type? 2. The supporting cells, or neuroglia, have numerous functions. Name three 3. Match each statement with a response chosen from the key Key: afferent neuron interneuron central nervous system neurotransmitters efforent neuron nerve ganglion neuroglia nuclei peripheral nervous system synaptic cleft tract 1. the brain and spinal cord collectively 2. a tiny gap that separates two neurons 3. a collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the central nervous system 4. neuron connecting sensory and motor neurons 5. neuron processes running through the CNS 6. collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS 7 neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands 8. neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery 9. chemicals released by axon terminals 10. specialized supporting cells of the nervous system
The correct answer and explanation is:
Here’s a detailed response to your request:
Neuron Anatomy and Physiology Review
1. The cellular unit of the nervous system is the neuron. What is the major function of this cell type?
The primary function of neurons is to transmit electrical signals throughout the body. They facilitate communication within the nervous system by receiving sensory input, processing information, and sending motor output to effectors like muscles and glands.
2. The supporting cells, or neuroglia, have numerous functions. Name three.
- Protection: Neuroglia protect neurons by forming the blood-brain barrier (e.g., astrocytes) and by engulfing pathogens (e.g., microglia).
- Support: They provide structural scaffolding for neurons to maintain their placement and organization.
- Insulation: Myelin sheaths, produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, insulate axons and increase the speed of impulse conduction.
3. Match each statement with a response chosen from the key.
- The brain and spinal cord collectively – Central Nervous System
- A tiny gap that separates two neurons – Synaptic Cleft
- A collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS – Ganglion
- Neuron connecting sensory and motor neurons – Interneuron
- Neuron processes running through the CNS – Tract
- Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS – Nuclei
- Neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands – Efferent Neuron
- Neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery – Afferent Neuron
- Chemicals released by axon terminals – Neurotransmitters
- Specialized supporting cells of the nervous system – Neuroglia
Explanation
The nervous system operates through a combination of neurons and neuroglia, each playing vital roles. Neurons are excitable cells that communicate using electrical and chemical signals. Their structure includes dendrites for receiving signals, a cell body for processing, and axons for transmitting signals to other neurons or effectors.
Supporting neurons, neuroglia ensure optimal functioning. They outnumber neurons and include various types like astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells. Each has specialized functions: astrocytes maintain the blood-brain barrier, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells insulate axons, and microglia act as immune defenders. This collaboration ensures the protection, nourishment, and efficiency of neuronal communication.
Matching the terms to their definitions highlights the organization of the nervous system. The CNS is central to processing information, while the PNS relays signals. The distinction between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons emphasizes the directional flow of information, critical for sensing and responding to stimuli.
The synaptic cleft ensures specificity in neurotransmitter signaling, allowing precise communication between neurons. Neuroglia facilitate this communication, contributing to both the structural and functional integrity of the nervous system. Understanding these roles underscores the intricate cooperation between components essential for bodily functions.