The kidneys are located in the thoracic cavity in the abdominal cavity. behind the pleural membranes. In the retroperitonium in the pelvic cavity Question 36 1 pts In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are filtered then reabsorbed secreted then reabsorbed. not filtered filtered and secreted. D Question 37 In the fed state, insulin Increases glucose transport into most cells enhances glycogenolysis enhances aluconeogenesis promotes Typolysis of the above
The Correct Answer and Explanation is :
Question 36: Kidney Location and Filtration
Correct Answer: Blood cells and plasma proteins are not filtered.
The kidneys are highly specialized organs responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products and maintain homeostasis. Within the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney), filtration occurs at the glomerulus, a network of capillaries that allows small molecules like water, electrolytes, and urea to pass into the filtrate while retaining larger molecules and cells. Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to pass through the filtration barrier, which includes the endothelium of the capillaries, the basement membrane, and podocytes. Therefore, they are not filtered under normal conditions. If blood cells or proteins are found in urine, it may indicate damage to the filtration barrier, as seen in conditions like glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome.
Question 37: Insulin’s Role in the Fed State
Correct Answer: Increases glucose transport into most cells.
In the fed state, when blood glucose levels are high, insulin plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism to maintain stable blood sugar levels. Insulin is secreted by beta cells of the pancreas and promotes the uptake of glucose into most cells, especially muscle and adipose tissue, by increasing the expression and activity of glucose transporters (GLUT4). It also facilitates glycogenesis (the synthesis of glycogen) in the liver and muscle, storing glucose for later use. Additionally, insulin inhibits glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen), gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources), and lipolysis (the breakdown of fat), favoring anabolic processes like lipid and protein synthesis.
Enhancing glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis would counteract insulin’s primary function, which is to reduce blood glucose. Thus, the correct answer reflects insulin’s role in promoting glucose uptake and utilization.