Indicate The Hybridization And Bond Angles Associated With Each Of The Following Molecular Geometries Geometry Hybridization Bond Angles Linear Tetrahedral Trigonal Planar Trigonal Bipyramidal Octahedral
The Correct Answer and Explanation is :
Table of Molecular Geometries, Hybridization, and Bond Angles
| Geometry | Hybridization | Bond Angles |
|---|---|---|
| Linear | sp | 180° |
| Tetrahedral | sp³ | 109.5° |
| Trigonal Planar | sp² | 120° |
| Trigonal Bipyramidal | sp³d | 90° (axial), 120° (equatorial) |
| Octahedral | sp³d² | 90° |
Explanation
- Linear Geometry (sp hybridization):
- In a linear geometry, the central atom forms two regions of electron density (e.g., bonds or lone pairs).
- The sp hybridization involves mixing one s orbital and one p orbital.
- The bond angles are 180°, ensuring minimal repulsion between the electron density regions (e.g., CO₂, BeCl₂).
- Tetrahedral Geometry (sp³ hybridization):
- The central atom has four regions of electron density arranged to minimize repulsion.
- sp³ hybridization involves one s orbital and three p orbitals.
- The bond angle is approximately 109.5° (e.g., CH₄, NH₄⁺).
- Trigonal Planar Geometry (sp² hybridization):
- Three regions of electron density around the central atom form a flat, triangular structure.
- sp² hybridization involves one s orbital and two p orbitals.
- The bond angle is 120° (e.g., BF₃, CO₃²⁻).
- Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry (sp³d hybridization):
- Five regions of electron density form this geometry, with three in an equatorial plane and two in axial positions.
- sp³d hybridization involves one s orbital, three p orbitals, and one d orbital.
- Bond angles are 120° (equatorial) and 90° (axial) (e.g., PCl₅).
- Octahedral Geometry (sp³d² hybridization):
- Six regions of electron density form a symmetrical octahedron.
- sp³d² hybridization involves one s orbital, three p orbitals, and two d orbitals.
- The bond angle is 90° (e.g., SF₆, [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺).
This framework explains how molecular geometry arises from electron repulsions and orbital hybridization to minimize energy and maximize stability.