STRUCTURAL FORMULAS FOR CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDE FISCHER STRUCTURES HAWORTH CHAIR Glucose Galactose Fructose DISACCHARIDE STRUCTURES HAWORTH CHAIR IL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A STRUCTURAL FORMULAS FOR CARBOHYDRATES Lactose Maltose Sucrose POLYSACCHARIDE Amylose STRUCTURE Amylopectin
The Correct Answer and Explanation is :
Structural Formulas for Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides:
- Glucose:
- Fischer Structure: A straight-chain structure with six carbons. The hydroxyl groups (-OH) are arranged in a specific pattern: right-left-right-right (for D-glucose).
- Haworth Structure: A six-membered ring (pyranose form) with an oxygen atom in the ring and the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon (C1) pointing downward (α) or upward (β).
- Chair Conformation: The three-dimensional form of the Haworth structure. Substituents alternate between equatorial and axial positions.
- Galactose:
- Fischer Structure: Similar to glucose, but the -OH on C4 is on the left.
- Haworth Structure: Pyranose ring form, with β-galactose often more stable.
- Chair Conformation: Like glucose but with a difference in the orientation of the C4 hydroxyl group.
- Fructose:
- Fischer Structure: A six-carbon ketose, with a ketone group at C2.
- Haworth Structure: A five-membered ring (furanose form).
- Chair Conformation: Not applicable due to the five-membered ring.
Disaccharides:
- Lactose:
- Made of galactose and glucose via a β(1→4) glycosidic bond.
- Represented in Haworth form.
- Maltose:
- Composed of two glucose molecules joined by an α(1→4) bond.
- Sucrose:
- Glucose and fructose linked by an α(1→2) glycosidic bond.
Polysaccharides:
- Amylose:
- A linear polymer of glucose with α(1→4) linkages.
- Forms a helical structure.
- Amylopectin:
- A branched polymer of glucose with α(1→4) and α(1→6) linkages.
Explanation:
Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides based on their structural complexity. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose serve as building blocks. Their structural representation varies:
- Fischer Projection shows the linear form.
- Haworth Projection represents the cyclic form, which is more stable in solution.
- Chair Conformation offers a three-dimensional perspective.
Disaccharides like lactose, maltose, and sucrose are formed by glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides. Polysaccharides like amylose and amylopectin demonstrate polymerization, showing different branching patterns. These structural insights are crucial in understanding carbohydrate functions in energy storage and biological processes.