What distinguishes differential association from differential reinforcement theory?
What did differential identification add to learning theories?
Which technique of neutralization do you use or relate to the most? Why?
The Correct Answer and Explanation is :
Distinguishing Differential Association from Differential Reinforcement Theory
Differential Association Theory (by Edwin Sutherland) suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others. Individuals adopt behaviors, values, and attitudes toward crime based on their associations. The key principle is that if a person interacts more with those who advocate criminal behavior, they are more likely to engage in crime.
Differential Reinforcement Theory (by Ronald Akers) builds on Sutherland’s theory but integrates elements of operant conditioning. It suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior not just from associations but also from reinforcement (rewards and punishments). If criminal behavior is rewarded (e.g., social status, financial gain), it is reinforced; if punished, it is less likely to continue.
The Contribution of Differential Identification
Daniel Glaser’s Differential Identification Theory expands on learning theories by emphasizing the role of identification. Unlike differential association, which focuses on direct interactions, Glaser argued that people do not need to have personal contact with deviant role models; they can learn criminal behavior through media, celebrities, or distant role models. This theory helps explain crimes influenced by popular culture, social media, and even online radicalization.
My Preferred Technique of Neutralization
One technique of neutralization I relate to is “Appeal to Higher Loyalties.” This occurs when a person justifies deviant actions by prioritizing the needs of a group (e.g., family, friends, or a cause) over societal laws. For example, someone might steal to provide for their family, believing their duty to loved ones outweighs legal consequences.
This resonates with me because people often face moral dilemmas where personal obligations conflict with societal rules. This technique highlights how individuals navigate ethical conflicts and justify actions based on personal values rather than strict legality.
Now, I’ll generate an image to visually represent these theories.
Here is the generated image illustrating Differential Association and Differential Reinforcement Theory. Let me know if you need any modifications or further explanations!
