Identify the most likely type of causal relationship between each of the following pairs of variables. Assume that a strong positive correlation has been observed with the first variable as the independent variable List the type of relationship and give a brief explanation a) Alcohol consumption, incidence of automobile accidents b) Score on physics examination, score on calculus examination Coffee consumption, insomnia d) Population of rabbits, consumer price index e) Number of scholarships received, number of job offers upon graduation
The correct answer and explanation is :
Each pair of variables exhibits a distinct causal relationship, primarily influenced by the independent variable. Below is an analysis of each pair:
a) Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Automobile Accidents
Type of Relationship: Positive Causal Relationship
Explanation: Increased alcohol consumption impairs cognitive and motor functions, leading to a higher risk of automobile accidents. Studies indicate that alcohol-related crashes cause approximately $37 billion in damages annually.
b) Score on Physics Examination and Score on Calculus Examination
Type of Relationship: Positive Correlation
Explanation: While both subjects are mathematically intensive, excelling in physics often requires a strong understanding of calculus concepts. Therefore, students proficient in physics are likely to perform well in calculus, and vice versa.
c) Coffee Consumption and Insomnia
Type of Relationship: Negative Causal Relationship
Explanation: Caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee, can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insomnia. Consuming coffee, especially in large quantities or close to bedtime, can interfere with the ability to fall and stay asleep.
d) Population of Rabbits and Consumer Price Index
Type of Relationship: No Direct Causal Relationship
Explanation: The population of rabbits typically does not influence the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which measures the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for goods and services. Rabbit populations are more likely to affect local ecosystems and agriculture rather than macroeconomic indicators like the CPI.
e) Number of Scholarships Received and Number of Job Offers Upon Graduation
Type of Relationship: Positive Correlation
Explanation: Receiving scholarships often correlates with high academic achievement. Graduates with strong academic records are more attractive to employers, potentially leading to more job offers.
Understanding these relationships aids in comprehending how changes in one variable can influence another, whether directly or indirectly.