Differentiate the three types of genotype–environment correlation?
The correct answer and explanation is :
Types of Genotype–Environment Correlation
Genotype–environment (G×E) correlation refers to the way in which genetic predispositions influence exposure to certain environments. There are three types:
- Passive Genotype–Environment Correlation
This occurs when biological parents provide both genes and environment to their children. Since children inherit their parents’ genetic traits, and the home environment is shaped by those same parents, there is a natural correlation between the two.
- Example: A child born to musically talented parents may inherit genes for musical ability and also grow up in a home filled with musical instruments and lessons.
- Evocative (Reactive) Genotype–Environment Correlation
This happens when an individual’s genetically influenced traits elicit specific responses from others in their environment. People react to the child’s natural abilities or behaviors, reinforcing certain experiences.
- Example: A child with a naturally cheerful disposition may receive more positive social interactions, strengthening their outgoing nature.
- Active Genotype–Environment Correlation (Niche-picking)
In this type, individuals actively seek out environments that complement their genetic predispositions. As they grow, people make choices that align with their inherited traits.
- Example: A child with an innate athletic talent may choose to join a sports team, thereby shaping an environment that further enhances their skill.
Explanation (300 Words)
Genotype–environment correlation (rGE) is an essential concept in behavioral genetics that explains how genetic factors and environmental influences interact. Understanding the three types—passive, evocative, and active—is crucial in fields such as psychology, education, and human development.
In passive rGE, the correlation is strongest during early childhood because children passively receive genetic traits and an environment shaped by their parents. For instance, academically inclined parents are likely to create a home filled with books and intellectual stimulation, reinforcing the child’s inherited cognitive strengths.
Evocative rGE persists throughout life as an individual’s genetically influenced traits continuously elicit responses from their surroundings. A naturally sociable child is likely to receive more social engagement from peers and teachers, strengthening their outgoing personality. This feedback loop means that genetics and environment continually influence one another.
Active rGE becomes more prominent in adolescence and adulthood when individuals have greater autonomy in shaping their environments. People naturally gravitate toward settings that complement their innate abilities, a process called “niche-picking.” A genetically athletic individual may pursue a career in sports, reinforcing their physical skills through practice and training.
Together, these three types of genotype–environment correlations demonstrate the complex interplay between genetic inheritance and environmental exposure, shaping human traits and behaviors over time.