Definition of engram, enconding and retrieving.
The correct answer and explanation is :
Definitions
- Engram – An engram is a physical or biochemical change in neural tissue that represents a memory trace. It is the stored form of information in the brain that results from learning and experience.
- Encoding – Encoding is the process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. It involves transforming information into neural codes, allowing the brain to process and retain it.
- Retrieving – Retrieving is the process of accessing and recalling stored information from memory when needed. It allows individuals to bring past experiences, facts, or learned skills into conscious awareness.
Explanation (300 Words)
Memory is a fundamental cognitive function that allows individuals to acquire, store, and recall information. It involves three key processes: encoding, storage (which includes engrams), and retrieval.
Encoding is the initial step in memory formation. It converts raw sensory input (such as sights, sounds, or emotions) into neural representations that can be stored. Encoding can be automatic (effortless, like remembering a familiar face) or effortful (requiring attention, like studying for an exam). The depth of encoding influences how well the information is retained. Deep processing, such as making associations or applying meaning, leads to stronger memory formation.
Once encoded, the information is stored in the brain as an engram. An engram refers to the physical trace of a memory within neural circuits. Scientists believe that engrams are distributed across different brain regions, particularly the hippocampus and cortex. When a memory is consolidated, the engram stabilizes, making it accessible for future retrieval.
Retrieving information involves accessing stored memories and bringing them into conscious awareness. Retrieval can be influenced by cues, such as smells, emotions, or environmental context. Sometimes, retrieval fails due to interference, decay, or insufficient cues. Stronger encoding and consolidation lead to better retrieval success.
Understanding these processes helps in improving learning techniques, treating memory disorders, and advancing neuroscience research.