Which approach to social welfare do you believe is preferable—the residual view or the institutional view? Why?
The correct answer and explanation is :
The institutional view of social welfare is generally considered the preferable approach over the residual view.
Explanation (Approx. 300 words):
The institutional view of social welfare holds that providing support to individuals and families is a normal and necessary function of society. It sees welfare programs as a built-in part of the social structure, aimed at promoting well-being and equality for all citizens. In contrast, the residual view treats social welfare as a temporary, emergency-based response, used only when individuals or families fail to meet their needs through the market or family support systems.
The institutional approach is preferable because it recognizes that social needs are ongoing and universal, not just for the marginalized or the poor. Issues such as unemployment, illness, disability, aging, or economic shifts can affect anyone regardless of background. By embedding support systems like public healthcare, education, and income assistance into the fabric of society, the institutional model promotes social stability, equality of opportunity, and collective responsibility.
Furthermore, the residual model tends to stigmatize recipients of welfare by framing their need for help as a personal failure rather than a systemic issue. This often leads to minimal, inadequate services and barriers to access. The institutional model avoids this by normalizing the use of public services, reducing stigma, and emphasizing prevention over crisis intervention.
Countries with institutional welfare systems—like the Nordic countries—tend to have lower poverty rates, better health outcomes, and higher levels of social trust. These outcomes demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of treating welfare as a right, not a last resort.
In summary, the institutional approach is more equitable, sustainable, and inclusive, making it the superior model for modern societies striving to support all citizens fairly and effectively.
