How are lichens related to fungi
The correct answer and explanation is:
Lichens are symbiotic organisms that result from the mutualistic association between fungi and photosynthetic partners, which can either be green algae or cyanobacteria. The fungal component in lichens is typically the dominant partner, providing the structure and most of the protective functions, while the photosynthetic partner contributes by producing food through photosynthesis. This relationship allows lichens to thrive in environments where neither organism could survive alone.
Fungi, which are the primary structural component of lichens, belong to a group of organisms that absorb nutrients from external sources. In the case of lichens, the fungus extracts moisture and minerals from the environment, such as from rocks or tree bark. This structure, often called the “thallus,” helps the lichen remain anchored and aids in the absorption of nutrients and water. The fungal partner provides a protective covering that shields the photosynthetic partner from harsh environmental conditions such as desiccation or extreme sunlight.
The photosynthetic partner, usually green algae or cyanobacteria, is responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy. This energy is then shared with the fungal partner in exchange for protection and access to water and minerals. This mutual exchange allows the lichen to survive in diverse and often harsh environments like rocky surfaces, tree trunks, or desert areas.
In terms of reproduction, lichens can reproduce through both sexual and asexual means. The fungal partner typically handles sexual reproduction through the formation of specialized reproductive structures called asci, which produce spores. Asexual reproduction occurs when fragments of the lichen break off and grow into new individuals.
Overall, the relationship between fungi and their photosynthetic partners in lichens is a classic example of mutualism, where both organisms benefit from the association and can survive in environments where neither could do so alone.