What is the primary function of DNA
The correct answer and explanation is:
The primary function of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information that guides the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. DNA contains the instructions needed to build proteins, which perform most of the functions in the body, including the regulation of cellular activities, structural roles, and catalysis of biochemical reactions.
DNA is structured as a double helix, with two strands composed of a backbone of sugar and phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that form base pairs between the two strands. The sequence of these nitrogenous bases forms the genetic code. Each set of three bases, known as a codon, corresponds to a specific amino acid, the building block of proteins. This code is read during the process of transcription, where the DNA sequence is used to create messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into proteins.
Another key function of DNA is replication, which ensures that genetic information is passed down from one generation to the next. During cell division, DNA replicates to provide each daughter cell with an identical copy of the genetic material. This process is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction.
DNA also plays a role in evolution. Mutations, or changes in the DNA sequence, can lead to variations in traits that may be advantageous, neutral, or detrimental. Over time, these mutations accumulate, and natural selection can favor traits that increase survival and reproduction, contributing to the diversity of life.
In summary, DNA serves as the blueprint for life, encoding the information necessary to create proteins, replicate cells, and pass genetic information across generations, thus supporting the functioning and evolution of living organisms.