Enzymes that are required to detoxify molecular fragments containing oxygen. These parts of molecules are called…
options:
plastids
mitochondria
radicals
DNA/RNA
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is radicals.
Enzymes that are required to detoxify molecular fragments containing oxygen are often involved in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive molecules that contain oxygen atoms, such as free radicals. These reactive species can cause damage to cells, proteins, lipids, and DNA, making their detoxification essential for maintaining cellular health.
Free radicals, which are a type of ROS, are produced during normal cellular metabolism, especially within the mitochondria, but can also be generated due to external factors like UV radiation or pollution. Free radicals contain unpaired electrons, making them highly unstable and reactive. They can easily interact with other molecules in the cell, initiating chain reactions that may lead to cellular damage or oxidative stress.
To protect cells from the harmful effects of these reactive oxygen species, organisms produce specific enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These enzymes work by neutralizing free radicals and converting them into less reactive molecules, such as water and oxygen, thus minimizing the potential damage to cellular structures.
For instance, superoxide dismutase converts the superoxide radical (O2-) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is then broken down by catalase into water and oxygen. Similarly, glutathione peroxidase helps in reducing lipid peroxides, which are another class of reactive oxygen species that can damage cell membranes.
By detoxifying radicals, these enzymes play a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, which has been linked to aging, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other health issues. Therefore, detoxifying radicals is vital for maintaining the proper functioning and longevity of cells.