COPD is a disorder characterized by
A Chronic systemic and pulmonary hypertension
B Chronic airway inflammation and progressive airflow limitation
C Temporary airway inflammation causing wheezing and congestion
D Temporary systemic and pulmonary hypertertion
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is B: Chronic airway inflammation and progressive airflow limitation.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease that primarily involves chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to progressive airflow limitation. This limitation is not fully reversible, which distinguishes COPD from other respiratory conditions such as asthma. COPD is primarily caused by long-term exposure to harmful substances, most commonly tobacco smoke, although environmental pollutants, dust, and genetic factors may also contribute.
In COPD, the airways and air sacs in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed. This chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the lung tissue, including the alveoli (the small air sacs where gas exchange occurs). Over time, this damage results in decreased lung function and difficulty breathing. The airflow limitation becomes worse with time, especially if the patient continues to be exposed to risk factors like smoking.
The key features of COPD are:
- Chronic inflammation of the airway walls, which leads to narrowing and increased mucus production.
- Progressive airflow limitation, which results in difficulty breathing, especially during exertion or physical activity.
- Emphysema and chronic bronchitis, two common forms of COPD, contribute to the condition’s symptoms. Emphysema involves the breakdown of the lung’s air sacs, while chronic bronchitis involves persistent inflammation and mucus production in the bronchial tubes.
COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it often leads to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and frequent respiratory infections. The condition is diagnosed through spirometry, a test that measures the amount and speed of air that can be exhaled from the lungs. Treatment focuses on symptom management, including smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and pulmonary rehabilitation.