Genetic mutations often cause disease by:
A. Altering proteins and polypeptides.
B. Interrupting meiosis.
C. Accelerating mitosis.
D. Disrupting fertilization of the ovum.
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is A. Altering proteins and polypeptides.
Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can result in alterations to the proteins or polypeptides produced by cells. Proteins are responsible for a wide range of functions in the body, including enzymatic activity, cellular structure, and regulation of metabolic processes. A mutation in a gene can lead to a malfunctioning protein, which may disrupt the normal functioning of cells and tissues. These disruptions often result in diseases, particularly those caused by inherited genetic mutations.
Mutations can be categorized into several types, including point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations. For example, a point mutation might change a single nucleotide base in the DNA sequence, which could result in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein. This change can lead to a protein that no longer performs its intended function or may cause it to become dysfunctional. In some cases, a mutation may create a premature stop codon, leading to a truncated protein that lacks essential parts of its structure.
The diseases caused by genetic mutations can range from relatively mild conditions to severe, life-threatening disorders. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease are all examples of genetic diseases caused by mutations that alter protein function. In cystic fibrosis, for instance, a mutation in the CFTR gene results in a defective protein that leads to the buildup of thick mucus in the lungs, causing respiratory and digestive problems.
While mutations can also disrupt processes like meiosis or mitosis, these are less common mechanisms for disease when compared to the direct impact mutations have on protein function.