How does the risk of affective disorders change across the life course
The correct answer and explanation is:
The risk of affective disorders, which include conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder, changes across the life course. These disorders are not uniformly distributed and can vary in their prevalence depending on age, gender, and other factors.
In childhood, affective disorders are relatively rare. However, children can experience mood disturbances, which may be difficult to diagnose due to the overlap with normal developmental challenges. As individuals enter adolescence, the risk of affective disorders increases significantly. This period is marked by hormonal changes, social pressures, and increased vulnerability to stressors. Depression, in particular, becomes more noticeable in teenage years, and the onset of bipolar disorder can occur during this time as well.
During early adulthood, the risk of affective disorders remains elevated. Young adults often face major life transitions such as leaving home, entering the workforce, or pursuing higher education, which can trigger or exacerbate mental health problems. Women are at higher risk for depression during this period, particularly due to hormonal fluctuations associated with menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and childbirth.
Middle adulthood sees a somewhat lower risk of affective disorders compared to earlier years. However, this period can still be challenging due to stressors such as career pressures, relationship issues, and caring for aging parents. While the risk for depression may decrease, bipolar disorder may continue to affect individuals.
In older adulthood, the risk of depression increases again, particularly due to factors like retirement, loss of loved ones, and physical health issues. Cognitive decline and chronic illness can also contribute to the onset of depressive symptoms in elderly individuals. Affective disorders in older adults can sometimes be misdiagnosed as symptoms of aging or physical illness, complicating treatment.
Thus, the risk of affective disorders fluctuates throughout life, with peaks during adolescence and later adulthood, while being influenced by various social, biological, and psychological factors.