The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
The correct answer is potassium hydroxide
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Cuticle remover creams are specifically designed to soften and break down the non-living, overgrown skin at the base of the nail plate, which is known as the cuticle. This tissue is primarily composed of a durable protein called keratin. To achieve this, these products rely on a chemical process called keratolysis, which means the dissolution of keratin.
Potassium hydroxide is a strong alkaline ingredient, meaning it has a high pH. This property makes it exceptionally effective at rapidly breaking down the protein structure of the dead cuticle tissue. When the cream is applied, the potassium hydroxide works to dissolve the keratin, turning the tough skin into a softer, gel-like substance. This transformation allows the cuticle to be easily and gently pushed back or wiped away without the need for excessive cutting or force, which could damage the living tissue of the eponychium or the sensitive nail matrix underneath. Sodium hydroxide is another common alkaline agent used for the same purpose in similar formulations.
The other options listed are incorrect for this specific application. Formaldehyde is a preservative and can be found in some nail hardeners, but it does not dissolve cuticle tissue. Bleach is a harsh disinfectant that would be far too irritating and damaging for the delicate skin around the nails. Salicylic acid is a beta-hydroxy acid used as a chemical exfoliant for conditions like acne or calluses, but it is not the primary active ingredient in fast-acting cuticle removers, which require the potent and rapid action of a strong alkali like potassium hydroxide.