Characteristics of living things
-All are composed of cells
-All obtain energy and use it to develop
-Can sense changes in the environment and adjust in response to change
-Exhibit modifications that represent adaptations to their environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Levels of Biological Organization
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How are organisms classified?
on the basis of their evolutionary\/genetic relatedness<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the scientific method? What is it’s importance in biological sciences?
Process used to validate observations while minimizing observer bias<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It’s goal is for research to be conduced in a fair, unbiased and repeatable manner. The best way to discover how and why the world works<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an atom?
smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical properties of an element. They combine to form molecules which then form into a solid, gas or liquid<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the structure of an atom?
Nucleus in the center that contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge). The outermost region is called an electron shell that contain the electrons (negatively charged)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond that’s formed when an atom transfers and electron to another Atom<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a covalent bond?
Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a double covalent bond?
Occurs when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electroms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what?
Carbon and hydrogen<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their parts?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the properties of water?
Its attraction to polar molecules.
High-specific heat.
High heat of vaporization.
The lower density of ice.
High polarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the different kinds of carbs?
Glucose= monosaccharide that serves as blood sugar
Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar
Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants
Glycogen= stores energy in animals
Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Protein
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Serve as a long term energy source<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nucleic acid
macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Form DNA which acts to store genetic information<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the cell theory?
All living organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ribosome
Makes proteins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Smooth ER
Makes lipids<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rough ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and packs protein into vesicles and transports them<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lysosome
Digests food, bacteria and worn out organelles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vacuole
Stores food, enzymes and other material<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell- produces energy for growth, development and movement<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the process of diffusion:
Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration of molecules is the same at both sites<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the process of osmosis:
Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe a basic enzymatic reaction:
S+E= P+E<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
S is the substance being changed
P is the product of the reaction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an enzyme?
Catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the process of photosynthesis?
-The process in which the Sun’s energy is converted into chemical energy (occurs in chloroplasts).
-Carbon dioxide and water are added
-Sugar and oxygen are produced<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the cellular respiration equation?
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is glycolysis?
“splitting sugars.” yields two molecules of ATP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Krebs cycle?
This term refers to a series of chemical reactions that involve the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and produce 2 mol of ATP (energy) along with hydrogen and carbon, which combine with oxygen to form (H2O) and (CO2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the electron transport chain?
Is a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons,
down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is cellular reproduction?
Process by which cells divide to form new cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Growth phase- cell duplicates its contents and DNA
Cell Division- the cytoplasm and DNA of a parent cell are distribute to 2 daughter cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?
Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division. This can form a gamete with an extra chromosome or one missing part or all of a chromosome (aka monosomy or trisomy). OCCURS DURING ANAPHASE 1 & 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the law of dominance?
Mendel’s 2nd law of inheritance – one gene usually expresses itself over the other (one gene is dominant over the other)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the law of segregation?
during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the law of independent assortment?
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is DNA biotechnology and what are some issues?
Use of natural biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by humans
Issues:
-People feel it goes against the laws of nature
-People worry about the safety of it<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How can lack of genetic control lead to cancer?
When someone has inherited an abnormal copy of a gene, their cells already start out with one mutation. This makes it easier for enough mutations to build up for a cell to become cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G1 (Growth 1)
Cell volume doubles and organelles replicate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S phase (synthesis)
DNA is replicated<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G2 phase
cell produces proteins necessary for mitosis and then prepares to divide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the stages of mitosis?
prophase= chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear enveloped disappears<\/p>\n\n\n\n
metaphase= the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator midway between the spindle poles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anaphase= sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes- each pole receives a set of daughter chromosomes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
telophase= spindle disappears as new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes- each nucleus contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes the original parent nucleus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe the purpose of the cell cycle control system
Series of checkpoints to make sure that everything is proceeding properly. Checkpoints delay development from one phase off the cycle to the next until everything that should happen in a particular phase has happened<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the phases of the cell cycle control system:
G1= cell can enter GO or under apoptosis if DNA is damaged beyond repair. If the cell cycle passes his checkpoint, the cell is committed to complete the cycle
G2= the cell checks to make sure DNA has been replicated properly
M Checkpoint= cell makes sure the chromosomes are properly aligned and ready to be partitioned to the daughter cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is apoptosis?
Programmed chemical process that causes a cell to self-destruct<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Serves the purpose of keeping the number of cells in the body roughly constant and removing cells with damaged DNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the basics of mitosis
Type of cell division in which one cell(the mother) divides to produce 2 new cells(the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Somatic cells aids in the growth and development of an organism as well as in the replacement of old and injured cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the basics of meiosis
Type of cell division in which the number of chromosome is reduced in half from the diploid number (2n) to a haploid number (n). The result is 4 gametes: eggs in females and sperm in males<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reproductive cells produces gametes for sexual reproduction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the stages of meiosis I?
Interphase: DNA in the cell is copied resulting in 2 identical full sets of chromosomes
Prophase 1: the copied chromosomes condense into x shaped structure- each chromosome is composed of 2 sister chromatids
Metaphase 1: chromosome pairs line up next to each other along the center of the cell
Anaphase 1: pair of chromosomes are pulled apart, pull one chromosome to each pole
Telophase 1: chromosomes complete their move to opposite poles of the cell- 2 nuclei form<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the stages of meiosis II?
Prophase II: 2 daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the structure and function of DNA?
Long chain of repeating units called nucleotide that consist of 2 strands that spiral around each other in a structure called double helix<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Each contains a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and one of found nitrogen bases adenine(A), guanine(G), Cytosine(C), thymine(T)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Function is to store all the genetic information that an organism needs to develop, function and reproduce<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a purine?
Adenine and Guanine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a pyrimidine?
thymine and cytosine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the structure and function of RNA?
A single-stranded molecule that consists of nucleotides arranged in a long chain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contains a 4-carbon sugar called ribose, phosphate groups and 4 nitrogen-containing bases- Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C), uracil(U)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Functions to convert the information stored in DNA into proteins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Carries information coding for protein synthesis from DNA to the ribosomes of the cell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Caries the required amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome for protein synthesis. Helps to arrange the amino acids into the proper sequence for the synthesis of proteins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
RNA that becomes part of ribosomes (the main component of ribosomes) and catalyzes the bonding of amino acids<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a prokaryotic cell and what is the structure?
No true nucleas as the DNA is coiled up in the region of the cytoplasm called the nucleotide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Capsule: outer covering that protects the cell
Cell Wall: Outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance composed of mainly of water
Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell
Flagella: Long whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion
Ribosomes: Responsible for protein production
Plasmids: gene carrying
Nucleoid Region: area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecules<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a eukaryotic cell and what is the structure?
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surround by a membrane whose DNA is bound together by proteins into chromosomes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nucleus: Directs cell activities and contains genetic material
Mitochondria: Make energy out of food
Ribosomes: make protein
Golgi apparatus: make, process and packages proteins
Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes to help break food down
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Transports all sorts of items around the cell
Vacuole: Used for storage usually contain water or food<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plants have:
Chloroplast: Use sunlight to create food by photosynthesis
Cell Wall: For support<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the characteristics of cancer?
-Lack differentiation: lose their specialization and do not contribute to the functioning of a body part<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a malignant tumor?
Invasive and may spread to other places to form new tumors elsewhere<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a benign tumor?
Contained within a capsule and cannot invade adjacent tissue<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How does cancer develop?
Develops when the bodies normal control mechanism stops working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control forming new abnormal cells called tumors<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the function of the epithelial tissue?
covers body surfaces and lines body cavities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the function of connective tissue?
Binds and supports body parts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the function of muscular tissue?
Moves the body and its parts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the function of nervous tissue?
receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kingdom Archaebacteraia
Domain: Archaea
Cell Type: prokaryotic, unicellular
Ex: methanogens, halophiles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain: Bacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotic, unicellular
Ex: Bacteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kingdom Protista
Domain: Eukarya
Cell Type: Eukaryotic, Multicellular
Ex: Green algae, slime molds<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kingdom Fungi
Domain: Eukarya
Cell Type: Eukaryotic, multicellular
Ex: Mushrooms, yeast, mold<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kingdom Plantae
Domain: Eukarya
Cell Type: Eukaryotic, multicellular
Ex: Moss<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kingdom Animalia
Domain: Eukarya
Cell Type: Eukaryotic, Multicellular
Ex: Mammals, sponges, insects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the effects human society has had on the worlds ecosystem:
Emerging Diseases: changes in human behavior and use of technology can result in new disease
Extinction: Estimated we are loosing hundreds of species every year due to human activity
Climate change: Changes in the normal cycles of the earths climate that may be attributed to human activity
Greenhouse effect: Gases allow the suns ray to pass through, but they absorb and radiate heat back to Earth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain Darwin’s theory of natural selection
Process by which organisms develop adaptations to their environment and is the mechanism that results in evolution over many generations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution
Genetic change in a line of descent over time is responsible for the tremendous diversity of life forms on Earth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain Microevolution
Refers to the evolutionary changes within a population<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are causes of microevolution?
Mutations: cause genetic variations within a breeding population<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gene flow: occurs when alleles are exchanged between migrating populations of the same species<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Random Mating: Occurs when males and females mate by chance according to the laws of probability and not by the selection of certain genotype or phenotype<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Genetic Drift: the tendency of allele ratios to change simply by chance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bottleneck effect: may occur when some kind of natural catastrophe greatly reduces the size of a species population<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Founder effect: may occur when populations are separated to interbreed more or less exclusive over time<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe the factors that are necessary for natural selection to occur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is directional selection?
Occurs when an extreme phenotype is favoured<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is stabilizing selection?
takes place when extreme phenotype are selected against, thus resulting in average or intermediate prototypes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is disruptive selection?
Occurs when 2 or more extreme phenotypes are favoured over intermediate types<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is sexual selection?
Adaptive changes in either sex that lead to an increase in the ability to attract and secure a mate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is speciation?
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is allopatric speciation?
a physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is peripatetic speciation?
When small groups of individuals break off from the larger group and form a new species<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is parapatric speciation?
A species is spread out over a large geographic area. Individuals only mate with those in their own region. The species are separated by differences in the same environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is sympatric speciation?
Occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another and all members are in close proximity to one another<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is adaptive radiation?
Occurs when neighboring populations become separate species even though their territories overlap in a certain area<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is gradualistic equilibirum?
Is selection and variation that happens more gradually over a long time population changes
-Change is slow, constant and consistent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is punctuated equilibrium?
here is a period of very little change, and then one or a few huge changes occur. The species changes very rapidly over a few generations, then settles down again to a period of little change<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discuss the principles of taxonomy and the classification of species
-The identification, naming and classification or organisms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discuss Viruses
Tiny non cellular organic systems that have some properties of living things, but are not classified as living organisms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discuss Prokaytoes
Sorted into 2 domains: bacteria and archaea<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bacteria:
photoautotrophs: capable of oxygen-based photosynthesis
Chemoheterotrophs: Obtain their nutrition from other organisms
Arechae: Consists of ancient prokaryotes taht are adapted to extreme habitats<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How does bacteria reproduce?
may reproduce by 3 means of genetic recombination::
Conjugation: occurs in closely related species, DNA is passed from a donor cell to a recipient cell through tiny tubes
Transformation: Fragments of DNA are picked up from surrounding living or dead bacteria
transduction: Baceriophaes carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discuss protists
Include all the eukaryuotic unicellular organisms that may resemble either animals or plants
3 groups:
Algae: plantlike protists which are generally photosynthetic
Protozoans: Categorized by types of locomtion they employ
slime and water molds: feed on dead plant matter and assist with the cycling of nutrients<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Define the types of locomotion
Ciliates: hairlike cilia for swimming about to capture food
Amoeboids: use false feet for moving around and capturing prey
Radiolarians: marine amoeboids that form calcium carbonate shells
Zooflagellates: move about by means of long slender extensions called flagella
Sporzoans: Aren’t mobile or capable of self propulsion<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are nonvacular plants?
Plants that are well adapted for growth in moist habitats<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are seedless vascular plants?
Plants that contain vacular tissue but do not produce flowers or seeds<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are seed-bearing vacular plants?
They produce seeds that encase their embryonic sporophyte inside a protective coat<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is pollination?
male gametophyte pollen grain lands on a female gametophjyte and they form a pollen tube that carries a sperm cell to fertilize an egg within an ovule<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants in which the seed in enclosed within a fruit wall<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is fungi?
Non-green, heterotrophic organisms that grow in dark, moist habitats<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are invertebrates?
Lack an internal skeleton<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are protostomes?
Characterized by spiral cell division when the embryo first forms and a Elastoplast becomes the mouth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are deuterostomes?
Characterized by radial cell division when he embryo first forms and a blastoplore becomes the anus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe the evolution of chrodates:
The earliest chordates were all marine animals. As chordates continued to evolve, they spread to freshwater habitats and to land. The amphibians represent an intermediate phase in the water to the land transition of chordates. The evolution of birds further increases the disturbed of chordates by expanding their populations into sky habitats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the imporatint classifications of primates:
Prosimians- lemurs and tarsiers
Anthropoids- monkeys, apes and humans
Hominids- apes, chimpanzees and humans
Hominins- humans<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the innovations that lead to the evolution of hominins
Bipedal: had a small brain but walked upright on 2 legs
Tool Use Is certain to have made tools and may have been the first to exhibit culture
Increased brain size: Double the brain size and may have been the first to control fire and use more complex tools<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the epidermis?
Outside of a plant that is made up of a single layer of cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is ground tissue?
Make up the bulk of the plant body- includes 3 types of simple tissue:
Parenchyma cells: have thin walls and are active in photosynthesis and storage
Collenchyma cells: provide support for primary tissues
Sclerenchyma cells: Fibrous cells that give stalks their gravity-resisting strength<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is vascular tissue?
Composed of 2 types of tissues
Xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals through the plant body
Phloem: Conducts sugars and other solutes throughout the plant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain how water is transported through plants
Cohesion-tension model: Water and minerals in solute are taken up in root hairs and then transported upward in xylem
Transpiration: as dry air crosses a lear surface when stomata are open, water in the plant evaporates in the air<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the different plant responses
Phototropism: causes plants to turn toward light
Gravitropsim: causes plant stems to curve away from gravity<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the different plant hormones:
Chemical signals that cause responses within plant cells and tissues
Auxin’s: soften cell walls to allow growth
Gibberellins: promote stem elongation and break seed dormancy
Cytokinins: promote cell division, prevent age of leaves
Abscisic Acid: initiates and maintains seed dormancy and closing of stomata
Ethylene: causes detachment of leaves, fruits, flowers and ripen fruits<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the male reproductive parts of a plant
Stamens: made up of anthers on a long stalk called a filament
Anthers contain pollen sacs
Haploid spores form in the anthers and give rise to the male gametophyes, which are pollen grains<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the female reproductive parts of a plant
Carples
Composed of a stigma, a style and an ovary where an egg develops<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discuss how plants reproduce
Most plants reproduce sexually by alternating the production of sporophytes, the spore-producing bodies, with the production of gametophytes-gamete producing bodies<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do roots do?
Specialized structures for the absorption of minerals and water from the soil<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do stems do?
Support and anchor the aboveground portion of the plant, and carry water and food from place to place within the plant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do leaves do?
Manafacture food for plant growth and repair<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do stamens do?
Contains the pollen which insects and birds are attracted to<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the process of homeostasis?
Refers to stability, balance and equilibrium<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the importance of neurons
Fundamental unit of the nervous system. Purpose is to receive incoming information, send a signal to other neurons, muscles or glands. They are designed to rapidly send signals across long distances. They do this using electrical signals called nerve impulse. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a chemical or neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter travels across the short gab between cells and acts to signal the adjacent cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the central nervous sytem
composed of the brain and the spinal chord<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the peripheral nervous system
Consists of cable-like bundles called nerves that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body<\/p>\n\n\n\n
somatic system: carries signals about moving the head, trunk and limbs
-This system controls reflexes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Autonomic system: carries signals to and from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Parasympathetic Divison: associated with happy feelings
Sympathetic division: associated with stress and threats<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do skeletal muscles do?
Attached to bones- functions in moving the body and its part<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do cardiac muscles do?
Allows for contraction and relaxation of heart tissue<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do smooth muscles do?
Present in the walls of the stomach, bladder, lungs, and other organs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does the circulatory system do?
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and waste materials<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a closed circulatory system?
Blood in the system flows within a complex network of vessels that are all connected to each other. The blood is pumped by the heart through the body in a continuous circuit of different types of vessels<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an open circulatory system?
Instead of a heart, blood vessels join directly with open sinuses. Hemolymph is formed from the blood vessels into large sinuses, where it bathes the internal organs. Other vessels receive blood forced from these sinuses and conduct it back to the pumping vessels<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are characteristics of blood?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are red blood cells?
Transports oxygen from aerobic respiration and carry away some of the carbon dioxide wastes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are white blood cells?
Help fight infections<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are lymphocytes?
Type of WBC that attack foreign matter and fx as the source of viral defense<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is nutrition?
Process by which food is obtained, prepared, absorbed and converted into body substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are macronutrients?
Carbs, proteins, lipids(fats)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does the immune system do?
Helps the body repel foreign substances, cancers and pathogens<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe the various components that play a role in the body’s defenses against disease
immunity: the ability of the body to protect and defend itself against foreign substances
Red bone marrow: produces all kinds of blood cells, including cells important to the immune system
Lymph nodes: filter impurities such as pathogens and antigens
Spleen: spongy tissue of this organ is adapted to filtering out impurities from the blood
Tonsil: Trap germs which you may breathe in
-antibodies in tonsils help to kill germs and help to prevent thraot and lung infections
Appendix: acts as a storehouse for good bacteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are strategies for nonspecific defense again diseases:
Skin and mucous membranes: serve as a body surface barriers to entry
-Pathogens can’t get past the linings of these surfaces
Inflammatory response: kicks in when a pathogen invades body tissues
-necrophilia: ingest, kill and digest bacterial cells
mast cells: release neutralizing chemicals
macrophages: particle in the inflammatory response
complement system: made up of blood plasma proteins that complement certain kinds of immune response actions
Natural killer cells: large granular lymphocytes that kill cancer cells and cells infected by viruses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe the function of the respiratory system
respiration is the process by which animals move oxygen into the blood and rid the body of the accumulated carbon dioxide wastes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
upper respiratory tract:
nasal cavities: canals separated by a septum of bone and cartilage
Sinuses: act as resonating chambers for speaking and singing
Pharynx: passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx
larynx: vocal cords-voice box<\/p>\n\n\n\n
lower respiratory tact:
trachea: windpipe, tube connecting larynx to the bronchi
bronchi: which enter the left and right lungs
Lungs: pair of respiratory organs situated on each side of the heart
Diaphragm: Sits at base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest
-contracts and flattens when you inhale
-when you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out the lungs
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain how breathing works
Inhalation= air enters the lungs
Exhalation= air leaves the lungs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe the function of the urinary system<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain urine formation
Filtration: moves small molecules from a blood capillary to the inside of the nephron capsule
Re-absorption: substances from the proximal tubule move into the bloodstream
Secretion: transport of substances into the nephron<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe the fucntion of the digestive system:
-Ingesting food
-Break down of food into smaller molecules that can be transported<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the human senses
Taste buds: stimulated by food molecules<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parts of the male reproductive system:
Testes: produce sperm and sex hormones that control both reproduction functions and secondary sexual traits<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parts of the female reproductive system
Ovaries: produce eggs and secrete sex hormones
Oviducts: from channels into the uterus
Uterus: organ that embryos develop and grow in
Endometrium: inner ling of the uterine wall and is composed of specialized tissue<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Characteristics of a more-developed country<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Characteristics of a less-developed country<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain opportunistic populations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain equilibrium populations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain species composition
number of species that exist within a particular community<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain species diversity
Takes into account both species richness and the distribution of individuals from the different species present<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain ecological succession
occurs when a community changes in composition and diversity, from one type to another type in a more or less orderly manner<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain primary succession
occurs on surface where no soil exists<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain secondary succession
Occurs after a disturbance that does not completely destroy a community-leaving some nutrient soil and perhaps some vegetation. (cutting your grass)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the competitive exclusion principle.
No 2 species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Competition will follow until one species finds a new niche, moves out of the ecosystem, or dies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain resource partioning
Division of limited resources by species to help avoid competition in an ecological niche<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain mutualism
Beneficial relationship between 2 species<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain keystone species
acts to hold the web of interactions together, thus acting to stabilize the community<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain how energy flows through ecosystems
producers get energy from the sun, then the consumers eat the producer which gives them energy, then once the consumer dies the decomposer decomposes it and that gives energy back to the producer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the biochemical cycle
movement of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Can be taken up by living things and used for growth and reproduction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Plants take in carbon dioxide and go through photosynthesis and produces carbs. The carbs are then passed along food webs to animals and other consumers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the phosphorus cycle
Phosphate is found in rocks, phosphate degrades into the river, creating a phosphate solution which is absorbed into the soil and into the roots of plants which are then eaten by consumers of the area<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain the nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen gas gets into the soil by rain. Then a nitrogen-fixing bacteria turns it into a usable compound for plants by adding oxygen and hydrogen. It can also be “fixed” by lightning. Animals get nitrogen by consuming plant protein. The compounds are return to the soil as waste or dead organisms. They can either go back to nitrofication bacteria or denitrication bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are renewable resources?
Available in unlimited supply<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are nonrenewable resources?
Limited amounts of supply<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain why humans depend on land<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain why humans depend on water<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain why humans depend on food<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain why humans depend on energy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain why humans depend on minerals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain biodiversity
The variety of life on Earth
hotspots: biographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain direct values<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Explain indirect values<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Provide examples of threats to biodiversity
Climate change: seasons, rising of sea levels, and glaciers melting
Deforestation and habitat loss, agriculture, mining, deforestation and water extraction are all causes of habitat loss
Pollution: from burning of fossil fuels and dumping plastic into our oceans- pollution disrupts the earth ecosystem
Overexploitation: refers to the act of over-harvesting species and natural resources at rates faster than they can actually sustain themselves in the wild<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discuss approaches toward a sustainable society<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe abiotic factors that influence population growth
include natural disasters such as flash floods and volcanic eruptions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe biotic factors that influence population growth
competition: for food supply, breeding resources or other resource grows more intense as population density increases
predation: when densities are high, the instances of predation are greater and the mortality rate is much higher
Predator-prey: tend to vary in cycles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discuss and explain concepts about earth’s human population<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
First animals to display bilateral symmetry and actual organ systems
hermaphrodites: have both male and female reproductive parts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca)
bilateral symmetry with a fleshy, soft body enclosed within a shell composed of calcium carbonate
Visceral mass: holds the internal organs
Muscular foot: used for movement
Mantel: drapes over the visceral mass<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Major classes:
Gastropods: animals move by muscle contractions that pass along the food
ex: conchs and snails
Cephalopods: the foot has evolved into tentacles about the head
-Posses well developed nervous systems and complex sensory organs
ex: squid, octopus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Annelids (phylum Annelida)
segmented worms are organisms with highly pronounced segmentation as well as bilateral symmetry
septa: divide the well developed, fluid-filled coelom, which functions to facilitate movement
-brain connected to a ventral nerve cord
ex: earthworms leeches<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)
nonsegment meaning they have a smooth outside body wall<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
Jointed appendages: hollow tubes moved by muscles, become adapted to means of locomotion, food gathering and reproduction
Exoskeleton: composed of chitin, strong, flexible, nitrogenous polysaccaride
Segmentation: repeating units of the body
Well-developed nervous system: have a brain and a ventral nerve cord
ex: crustaceans: marine animals= shrimp, lobster, crabs
ex: arachnids: land arthropods= spiders, scorpion, ticks
ex: insects: 6 legs and 1 or 2 pairs of wings= beetle, bees, butterfly<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
display radial symmetry, with some bilateral features during larval stages<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chordates (phylum Chordata)
Divided into invertebrates and vertebrates. Include bilaterally symmetrical animals that have a backbone composed of cartilage or bone
supporting rod (notochord): long stiff tissue that supports the body
Dorsal tubular nerve cord: provides framework from which the nervous system develops
Pharyngeal pouches: serve functions related to feeding or respiration
Tail: Formed in embryos and extending past the anus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phylum chordate is further divided into classes:
Class agnatha (jawless fish)” includes hagfish and lamprey
Class Chondrichthyes: include cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays
Class osteichthyes (bony fish) most diverse and abundant, include eels, salmon, carp, catfish, pufferfish
Class Amphibia: include frogs, toads and salamanders
Class Reptilia: include snakes, turtles, alligators and crocodiles
Class Aves: includes birds
Class Mammalia: includes mammals like humans<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which of the following is NOT a domain of the 3 domain system?
Prokarya<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An atom of which of the following elements contains 6 protons and electrons?
Carbon<\/p>\n\n\n\n
_<\/em> is the name for all the chemical processes in the cell. What does a receptor protein do? _<\/em> are modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life. Example of a monosaccharide What is the MAIN energy molecule in the body? Which of the following molecules is a byproduct of cellular respiration? Which of the following organelles is part of the endomembrane system? Sunflowers belong to which Kingdom? An insect is able to walk across the surface of a pond without sinking because of the: Which of the following structures surrounds the cytoplasm in a bacterial cell? Which of the following is TRUE of the scientific method? Binomial name given to an organism is composed of: Crossing-over involves the exchange of genetic information between: Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called: Which of the following occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria? What does electronegativity mean? If you immerse a living cell in a hypertonic solution, water will: Which of the following occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis? _<\/em> chromosomes are found in pairs, one from father and mother Bacteria reproduce by: Autosomes are _<\/em> chromosomes What holds the base pairs of DNA together? Which of the following is an x-linked recessive disorder? How does mitosis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells? _<\/em> have the potential to develop and specialize into any cell type, which means they’re: A woman who isn’t color blind but has an allele for color blindness reproduces with a man who has normal vision. What is the chance they’ll have a colorblind daughter? Which of the following shows the correct order in which genes are expressed? Stating that an organism is heterozygous is stating its: The phase of cell division in which chromosomes align on the spindle equator halfway between the spindle poles is: If a piece of DNA breaks off from a chromosome and attaches itself to a nonhomologus chromosome at another location, what type of change has occurred? What is a characteristic of cancer cells? One parent has curly hair, one parent has straight hair, their child has wavy hair. This is an example of: _<\/em> are the proteins that DNA is wound around to form chromosomes. 2 organisms, each with the genotype TtGg, mate the chance of producing an offspring that has the dominant phenotype for height (T) and the recessive phenotype color (g) is: Which of these is happening when translation takes place? If a cell has 46 chromosomes, how many will it have after meiosis? Both insects and roundworms exhibit _<\/em> whereas sponges, snails and leeches do not. In the evolutionary adaption sense, what is fitness? Fungi are considered to be more closely related to animals instead of plants because they: _<\/em> isolation occurs when 2 species occupy different habitats within the same geographical range: The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on differences in their: In evolution, the study of vertebrae forelimbs is related to __ evidence. Which of the following structures develops into a pollen grain? Which one of the following choices presents a condition required for the Hardy-Weinberg principle to be in effect? What happens when previous adaptations are no longer suitable for changes in the environment? Which of the following is an example of a group of prokaryotic organisms? Darwin argued that the beak size and shape of Galapagos Finch species was related to their: Which of the following is NOT an example of a service provided by beneficial bacteria? The most diverse and prevalent organisms on earth are: Angiosperms may use any of the following to disperse pollen except: Which of the following is not a form of genetic recombination in bacteria? The tail bones of humans is an example of _<\/em> structure. According to the theory of evolution, birds feathers evolved from: __ capture their prey with a ring of stinging tentacles. What organisms can live in hot springs and thermal vents? During the life cycle of a plant, gametophyte is to n as sporophyte is to: Which nutrient is not a source of energy for the body? What type of reproduction shuffles the genes? How many cotyledons would be found in a flowering plant with 9 petals on each flower and long leaves with parallel leaf veins? What is thigmotropism? In plants, what type of tissue is responsible for transporting water and nutrients? Which series best illustrates the pathway of blood flow in a closed circulatory system? What chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary veins? During development, an embryo is embedded in the: Which of the following would cause a plant to grow taller? During transpiration, water exits the leaf via: Which of the following is the largest? Annual rings in woody stems are caused by an increase in rings of the: Too much calcium in a persons diet may result in In plants, the purpose of auxins is to: What happens when the lungs recoil? Which of the following animals has a single-loop closed circulatory system? InVitro fertilization takes place in: What is the internal lining of many organs called? Which structure transports sugars from leaves to the roots? Which of the following is a renewable resource? During exponential growth, the rate of growth: _<\/em> is the science of observing and describing organisms in their environment paired with experimental science: The most common cause of desertification is: A complex of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem is called a\/an: Which of the following factors will have a greater impact on a population as the density of that population increases? All of the following are renewable sources of energy except _<\/em> power. Study the following food chain: Grass -> Rabbits -> Snakes -> Hawks. From this food chain, you can correctly assume that each population: Which of the following was one result of the “Green Revolution”? Environmental impact of a population includes all of the following except: Which one of the following phrases describes many countries within Asia and Africa? Completion, predation, and parasitism are _<\/em> factors influencing population growth. Which one of the following is an example of resource partitioning? Which one of the following pollutants is responsible for the increase in skin cancer? What characteristic of a population increases with plentiful resources? Why might introduction of an exotic species disrupt an ecosystem? A species particular position in a community is its: Which of the following is the correct definition of carrying capacity? Characteristics of living things-All are composed of cells-All obtain energy and use it to develop-Can sense changes in the environment and adjust in response to change-Exhibit modifications that represent adaptations to their environment Levels of Biological Organizationatom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism How are organisms classified?on the basis of their evolutionary\/genetic relatedness […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-109690","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109690","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109690"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109690\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109690"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109690"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109690"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Metabolism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allows a specific molecule to bind to it because of its shape<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Adaptations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Glucose<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Water<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Golgi Apparatus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plantae<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Surface tension of the water<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plasma membrane<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Accepted explanation for how the world works<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Genus, Species<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nonsister chromatids<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nucleotides<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electron transport chain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Affinity for electrons in a covalent bond<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Move out of the cell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NADPH production<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Homologus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Binary Fission<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nonsex<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hydrogen bonding<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Color-blindness<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Animals lack a cell plate and plant cells lack centrioles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Totipotent, Embryotic stem cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
0%<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Genotype<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metaphase<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Translocation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
They result in uncontrolled growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Incomplete Dominance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Histones<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3\/16<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tRNA are bringing amino acids to the ribosomes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
23<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Molting during growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The reproductive success of an individual<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Can’t make their own food<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Habitat isolation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Embryological development<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anatomical evidence<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Microspore<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Random mating occurs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Extinction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Archaea<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Food source<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A. Food production
B. Nutrient Cycling
C. Bioaccumulation
D. Bioremediation
Bioaccumulation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bacteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Water<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Binary Fission<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vestigial<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reptile Scales<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cnidarians<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Archaea<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sexual<\/p>\n\n\n\n
One<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Growth in response to touch<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vascular<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, Veins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Left Atrium<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Endometrium<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gibberellins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The stomata<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bronchi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Secondary Xylem<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kidney stones<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bring about apical dominance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Expiration occurs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fish<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A laboratory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Epithelium<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phloem<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Wind<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Starts slowly then accelerates<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ecology<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Overgrazing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Food web<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Predation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nuclear<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Supports the next trophic level<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An increase in the yield of crops for less developed countries<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Predation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
LDC’s experiencing rapid population growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Density dependent<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2 species of squirrels- one eats acorns from the branches and one that eats acorns that have fallen to the ground<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chlorofluorocarbons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Population density<\/p>\n\n\n\n
They can outcompete the native species<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Niche<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The number of individuals an environment can sustain<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"