{"id":109717,"date":"2023-07-24T19:48:20","date_gmt":"2023-07-24T19:48:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=109717"},"modified":"2023-07-24T19:48:26","modified_gmt":"2023-07-24T19:48:26","slug":"arrt-radiography-exam-review-1-200with-correct-answers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/07\/24\/arrt-radiography-exam-review-1-200with-correct-answers\/","title":{"rendered":"ARRT Radiography Exam Review (1-200)With Correct Answers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Study guide for the ARRT exam in radiography.
Anatomy and positioning are not covered in this study guide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is a tort?
A violation of civil law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Torts are also known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Personal Injury Law<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If a patient is apprehensive about being injured, or a radiographer causes fear in the patient, it is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Assault<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlawful touching or touching without consent, harm resulting from physical contact with the radiographer, and imaging the wrong body part or against the patients will is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Battery<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unjustified restraint of a patient is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
False Imprisonment<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exposing confidential information, improperly exposing the patients body, inappropriately touching a patients body, or photographing a patient without their permission is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Invasion of Privacy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written information that results in defamation of character or loss of reputation is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Libel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orally spreading false information that results in defamation of character or loss of reputation is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Slander<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondeat Superior is a legal doctrine stating the employer is held liable for an employee’s negligent act. Respondeat Superior means __<\/em><\/strong>.
Let the master answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Res Ipsa Loquitur is a legal doctrine stating that the cause of the negligence is obvious. Res Ipsa Loquitur means __<\/em><\/strong>.
The thing speaks for itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ARRT Standards of Ethics consists of the of Ethics and the<\/strong> of Ethics.
1) Code
2) Rules<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ARRT __<\/em><\/strong> of Ethics serves as a guide for what radiographers aspire to become as professionals.
Code<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ARRT __<\/em><\/strong> of Ethics are mandatory, enforceable, and carry sanctions for violations.
Rules<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Attempting to copy ARRT exam materials, disclosing exam questions, impersonating a test candidate, being convicted of a crime, engaging in unprofessional conduct, injuring a patient, misrepresenting CE units earned, violating state or federal narcotics and controlled-substance laws, and attempting to circumvent the certification and registration process are examples that violate the ARRT __<\/em><\/strong> of Ethics.
Rules<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acting in a professional manner, responding to patient needs, and supporting colleagues and associates in providing quality patient care, practicing technology founded upon theoretical knowledge and concepts, practicing ethical conduct appropriate to the profession and protecting the patient’s right to quality radiologic care, and striving to improve knowledge and skills by participating in continuing education and professional activities are examples covered under the ARRT __<\/em><\/strong> of Ethics.
Code<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In what order should radiographic exams be scheduled?
1) Fiberoptic (endoscopic) studies.
2) Radiography of the urinary tract.
3) Radiography of the biliary system.
4) Computed tomography studies.
5) Lower GI radiographic studies.
6) Upper GI radiographic studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tachycardia is having a heartbeat of more than __<\/em><\/strong> beats per minute.
100<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bradycardia is having a heartbeat of less than __<\/em><\/strong> beats per minute.
60<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diastolic blood pressure greater than ________mm\/Hg indicates an increasing level of hypertension.
90<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diastolic blood pressure less than ________mm\/Hg gives some indication of shock.
50<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The usual oxygen flow rate through a nasal cannula is __<\/em><\/strong> L\/minute.
3 to 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loosing large amounts of blood or plasma may result in __<\/em><\/strong> shock.
Hypovolemic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When toxins are produced during massive infection causing a dramatic decrease in blood pressure, __<\/em><\/strong> shock is suspected.
Septic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> shock is when blood pools in peripheral vessels.
Neurogenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> shock results from cardiac failure or other interference with heart function.
Cardiogenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

shock (or <\/strong>) is a reaction to foreign proteins after injections, and may follow injection of iodinated contrast media.
1) Allergic
2) Anaphylaxis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some symptoms of shock?
1) Restlessness and apprehension.
2) Accelerated pulse.
3) Pale skin.
4) Weakness.
5) Alteration in ability to think.
6) Cool, clammy skin.
7) Systolic blood pressure less than 30 mm\/Hg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the radiographer’s response to shock?
1) Stop procedure.
2) Place patient in Trendelenburg position.
3) Call for help.
4) Determine blood pressure.
5) Administer oxygen.
6) Document time and occurrence of each symptom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contrast media __<\/em><\/strong> may occur in infants, or patients who have renal, cardiac or hepatic failure.
Overdose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some reactions to anaphylactic shock?
1) Flushing
2) Hives
3) Nausea<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some reactions to cardiovascular shock?
1) Hypotension
2) Tachycardia
3) Cardiac Arrest<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some other reactions that may be found as a result of contrast media injection?
1) Nausea\/Vomiting
2) Sneezing
3) Sensation of Heat
4) Itching
5) Hoarseness of Voice
6) Coughing
7) Urticaria
8) Dyspnea
9) Loss of Consciousness
10) Convulsions
11) Cardiac Arrest
12) Paralysis
13) Change in Orientation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> contains negatively and positively charged ions.
Iodinated Ionic Contrast Media<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> do not ionize into separate negative and positive charges.
Iodinated Nonionic Contrast Media<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> has a far lower incidence of contrast agent reactions because it is not ionized.
Iodinated Nonionic Contrast Media<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the atomic number for iodine?
53<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the atomic number for barium?
56<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the atomic number for tungsten?
74<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What letter represents the atomic mass number?
A<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What letter represents the atomic number?
Z<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In what order is venipuncture performed?
1) Wash hands.
2) Put on gloves.
3) Place tourniquet in place.
4) Select vein.
5) Cleanse area.
6) Remove air from syringe\/tubing.
7) Insert needle.
8) Observe blood flow into catheter.
9) Remove tourniquet.
10) Begin injection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When handling chemicals and they are exposed to skin, the area should be washed with cool water for at least __<\/em><\/strong> minutes.
5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When handling chemicals and they splash into the eyes, the eyes should be washed with cool water for at least __<\/em><\/strong> minutes.
15<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is used to define radiation exposure or radiation delivered to a specific point.
Air Kerma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Air kerma is measured in __<\/em><\/strong>.
Gray (Gy\u1d43)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is sometimes used to measure exposure, but the preferred unit is air kerma.
Coulombs\/Kilogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is used to define the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue.
Absorbed Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Absorbed dose is measured in __<\/em><\/strong>.
Gray (Gy\u1d57)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is used to define the product of absorbed dose (Gy) times the radiation weighting factor (W\u1d3f).
Equivalent Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> takes into account the biologic impact of the type and energy of the radiation being used.
Radiation weighting factor (W\u1d3f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is used to define the estimated risk present when various tissues are irradiated.
Effective Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Effective dose uses the __<\/em><\/strong>, and takes into account the relative radiosensitivity of the irradiated organ or body part.
Tissue weighting factor (W\u1d40).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is the product of absorbed dose times the radiation weighting factor times the tissue weighting factor.
Effective Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is the unit of effective and equivalent dose.
Sievert (Sv)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The unit of radioactivity that is used to measure the quantity of radioactive material is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Becquerel (Bq)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radiation exiting the x-ray tube is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Primary Radiation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X-rays that emerge from the patient and strike the image receptor, and are composed of primary and scattered photons is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Exit or Remnant Radiation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X-ray beams that contain photons of many different energies are known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Heterogeneous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are twelve properties of x-rays?
1) Highly penetrating, invisible rays.
2) Electrically neutral.
3) Liberate minute amounts of heat.
4) Polyenergetic, heterogenous.
5) Travel in straight lines.
6) Ionize matter.
7) Cause fluorescence of certain crystals.
8) Travel at the speed of light.
9) Affect photographic film.
10) Cannot be focused by a lens.
11) Produce chemical and biologic changes.
12) Produce secondary and scatter radiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What occurs during Coherent Scattering?
The incident x-ray interacts with an atom causing it to become excited. The atom immediately releases this excess energy as a scattered x-ray having the same energy and wavelength as the incident x-ray, but in a different direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What occurs during Compton Scattering?
The incident x-ray interacts with an outer-shell electron and ejects it from the atom, ionizing the atom. The x-ray then continues in a different direction with less energy and a longer wavelength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What occurs during the Photoelectric Effect?
The incident x-ray interacts with an inner-shell electron and ejects it from the atom, ionizing the atom. The x-ray is not scattered but totally absorbed, releasing all of its energy to the ejected electron. Characteristic x-rays are then produced as outer-shell electrons fill the void left by the inner-shell electron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is Bremsstrahlung Radiation?
Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when a projectile electron is slowed by the electric field of a target atom nucleus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is Characteristic Radiation?
When projectile electrons interact with inner-shell electrons of the target atom, rather than with an outer-shell electron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X-ray’s have diagnostic wavelengths of to <\/strong>, and travel as bundles of energy called photons.
1) 0.1 \u00c5
2) 0.5 \u00c5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The upper boundary dose that can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually, with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual, is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Effective Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure?
50 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the annual equivalent dose limit for occupational exposure to the lens of the eye?
150 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the annual equivalent dose limit for occupational exposure to the localized areas of the skin, hands and feet?
500 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is calculated by multiplying the radiographer’s age in years times 10 mSv.
Cumulative effective dose limit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The annual effective dose limit for students over the age of 18 is __<\/em><\/strong>.
50 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The annual effective dose limit for the general public, assuming frequent exposure is __<\/em><\/strong>.
1 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The annual effective dose limit for the general public, assuming infrequent exposure is __<\/em><\/strong>.
5 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The total equivalent dose to the embryo\/fetus for the entire gestational period is __<\/em><\/strong>.
5 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The equivalent dose limit to the embryo\/fetus per month is __<\/em><\/strong>.
0.5 mSv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Effects that occur by chance and which may occur without a threshold level of dose, whose probability is proportional to the dose and whose severity is independent of the dose:
Stochastic Effects<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Effects that have a threshold below which the effect does not occur. The threshold may be very low and may vary from person to person. However, once the threshold has been exceeded, the severity of an effect increases with dose:
Deterministic Effects<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is somatic cell division that comprises of four phases. When division is complete, each new cell contains 46 chromosomes.
Mitosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the four phases of mitosis?
1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is germ (sperm or ovum) cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in each cell so that the union of two germ cells produces a new cell with 46 chromosomes.
Meiosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This occurs when radiation transfers its energy directly to the DNA or RNA.
Direct Effect<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because a cell contains mostly water, the probability that it will be struck by radiation is greater. This interaction is known as the __<\/em><\/strong> effect.
Indirect<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> of water occurs as radiation energy is deposited into the water of a cell.
Radiolysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are immature, undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing. This describes:
The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If cells are more oxygenated, they are more susceptible to radiation damage. This describes:
Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A whole-body dose of __<\/em><\/strong> will depress the blood count.
0.25 Gy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somatic effects are evident in the __<\/em><\/strong> being exposed.
Organism<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doses causing somatic effects are much __<\/em><\/strong> than those received in general diagnostic radiography.
Higher<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some examples of early somatic effects (acute radiation syndrome)?
1) Hematopoietic Syndrome
2) GI Syndrome
3) Central Nervous System Syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is hematopoietic syndrome?
It decreases the total number of all blood cells, and can lead to death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is GI syndrome?
It causes total disruption of GI tract structure, and function, and can result in death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is central nervous system syndrome?
It causes complete failure of the nervous system and results in death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some examples of late somatic effects?
1) Carcinogenesis
2) Cataractogenesis
3) Embryologic Effects
4) Thyroid Function
5) Shortening of Life Span<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is carcinogenesis?
It causes cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is cataractogenesis?
It causes cataracts to form, following a nonlinear-threshold dose-response curve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When are embryologic effects most sensitive?
During the first trimester of gestation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are late somatic effects of the thyroid?
Being a very sensitive organ, late somatic effects may manifest as cancer or cessation of function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shortening of lifespan __<\/em><\/strong> occur in modern radiation workers.
Does Not<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A genetic effect is damage to the __<\/em><\/strong> molecule, which is then passed on to the next generation.
DNA<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genetic effects follow a __<\/em><\/strong> dose-response curve.
Linear-Nonthreshold<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no such thing as a safe __<\/em><\/strong> dose.
Gonadal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Any exposure amount to the gonads can represent a __<\/em><\/strong> threat.
Genetic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The amount of radiation that causes the number of mutations in a population to double is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Doubling Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The doubling dose for humans is approximately __<\/em><\/strong>.
1.56 Sv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonadal shielding may reduce female gonad dose by up to __<\/em><\/strong>%.
50<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonadal shielding may reduce male gonad dose by up to __<\/em><\/strong>%.
95<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gonadal shielding is required when the gonads are within the primary beam, or within __<\/em><\/strong> cm of the primary beam.
5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The minimum source-to-skin distance for portable radiography equipment is __<\/em><\/strong> inches.
12<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source-to-tabletop distance for fixed fluoroscopes may not be less than __<\/em><\/strong> inches.
15<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source-to-tabletop distance for portable fluoroscopes may not be less than __<\/em><\/strong> inches.
12<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fluoroscopy timers must sound an alarm after minutes (<\/strong> seconds) of beam-on time.
1) 5
2) 300<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fluoroscopy exposure switches must be of the __<\/em><\/strong> type.
Dead-Man<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Limit dose during fluoroscopy at the tabletop may be no more than __<\/em><\/strong> mGy\u1d43 per minute.
100<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Limit use of high-level-control fluoroscopy during interventional procedures must be no more than __<\/em><\/strong> mGy\u1d43 per minute.
200<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The total of air kerma striking the surface of the patient is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Dose Area Product (DAP)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dose area product (DAP) is expressed as __<\/em><\/strong>.
mGy-cm\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The average dose to active bone marrow is the _<\/em><\/strong>.
Mean Marrow Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radiation dose that, if received by the entire population, would cause the same genetic injury as the total of doses received by the persons actually being exposed (the average gonadal dose to the childbearing-age population) is known as:
Genetically-Significant Dose (GSD)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primary protective barriers must be __<\/em><\/strong> lead equivalent.
1\/16-Inch<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primary barriers must be located where the __<\/em><\/strong> may strike the wall or the floor.
Primary Beam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If in the wall, primary barriers must extend to a height of __<\/em><\/strong> feet.
7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Secondary protective barriers must be __<\/em><\/strong> lead equivalent.
1\/32-Inch<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Secondary barriers must extend from where the primary protective barrier ends, and extend to the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Ceiling<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primary and secondary protective barriers must overlap by at least __<\/em><\/strong>.
1\/2-Inch<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Secondary protective barriers must be located wherever or<\/strong> radiation may strike.
1) Leakage
2) Scatter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The x-ray control booth is considered to be a __<\/em><\/strong> protective barrier.
Secondary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lead window in a control booth enclosure is usually __<\/em><\/strong> lead equivalent.
1.5 mm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measured in mA minutes per week, __<\/em><\/strong> takes into account the volume and types of exams performed in the room.
Workload<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The amount of time the beam is on and directed at a particular barrier defines the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Use Factor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uncontrolled areas must be shielded to ensure an effective dose limit to the general public of __<\/em><\/strong> per week.
20 \u00b5Sv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Controlled areas must be shielded to keep exposure under __<\/em><\/strong> per week.
1 \u00b5Sv<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leakage radiation from the x-ray tube housing may not exceed per hour at a distance<\/strong> from the housing.
1) 1 mGy\u1d43
2) 1 m<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The protective curtain on a fluoroscopy unit must be __<\/em><\/strong> lead equivalent.
0.25 mm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bucky slot shield on a fluoroscopy unit must be __<\/em><\/strong> lead equivalent.
0.25 mm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The least scatter radiation is measured at a __<\/em><\/strong>-degree angle from the patient.
90<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scatter-beam intensity at an angle 90-degrees from the patient is the intensity of the primary beam at a distance of<\/strong> meter.
1) 1\/1000
2) 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> dosimeters use aluminum oxide to record dose.
OSL<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An aluminum oxide layer is stimulated by a __<\/em><\/strong> after the wear period.
Laser Beam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When aluminum oxide is stimulated by a laser beam, release energy as visible <\/strong>.
1) Electrons
2) Light<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSL dosimeters can record exposures as low as __<\/em><\/strong>.
10 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSL dosimeters can be worn for up to __<\/em><\/strong> at a time.
3 Months<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSL dosimeters can be reanalyzed and reused __<\/em><\/strong> times if necessary.
Multiple<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With OSL dosimeters, exposures below __<\/em><\/strong> are reported as minimal.
10 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> dosimeters use lithium fluoride crystals instead of film to record dose.
TLD<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The electrons in lithium fluoride crystals are excited by radiation exposure, and release this information when exposed to __<\/em><\/strong>.
Heat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The energy released from lithium fluoride crystals is released as , and is measured by a <\/strong>.
1) Visible Light
2) Photomultiplier Tube<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TLD’s can measure exposure as low as __<\/em><\/strong>.
50 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TLD’s can be worn for longer periods than __<\/em><\/strong> badges.
Film<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With TLD’s, exposures below __<\/em><\/strong> are measured as minimal.
50 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> use film that is similar to dental x-ray film.
Film Badges<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Film badges can measure doses as low as __<\/em><\/strong>.
100 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With film badges, doses below __<\/em><\/strong> are recorded as minimal.
100 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filters made of and<\/strong> measure the intensity and type of radiation striking a film badge.
1) Aluminum
2) Copper<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Film badges are usually changed __<\/em><\/strong>.
Monthly<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is used to measure radiation in an area, storage areas for radioisotopes, doses traveling through barriers, and patients who have radioactive sources within them.
Handheld Ionization Chamber<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Handheld ionization chambers can measure exposure rates as low as __<\/em><\/strong> per hour.
10 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is used to detect radioactive particles in nuclear medicine facilities.
Geiger-Mueller Detector<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geiger-Mueller detectors read in __<\/em><\/strong> per minute.
Counts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An autotransformer is also known as a __<\/em><\/strong> transformer.
Variable<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An autotransformer is constructed with:
A single coil of wire with an iron core.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The autotransformer is the source for selecting __<\/em><\/strong>.
kVp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autotransformers operate on the principle of __<\/em><\/strong>.
Self-Induction<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> is in the x-ray circuit to indicate the voltage that is selected.
Prereading Voltmeter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The prereading voltmeter is prereading because it indicates the __<\/em><\/strong> that will be flowing through the tube once the exposure is made.
Kilovoltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The prereading voltmeter is placed in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Autotransformer
2) Step-Up Transformer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is used to regulate the duration of the x-ray exposure.
Timer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The timer is wired in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Autotransformer
2) Step-Up Transformer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electronic timers allow exposures as low as __<\/em><\/strong>.
1 ms or 1\/1000 second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> provides the safest tube current in the shortest possible time.
mAs Timer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mAs timer measures the total __<\/em><\/strong>.
Tube Current<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mAs timer is located __<\/em><\/strong> the secondary coil of the step-up transformer.
After<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mAs timer is generally used with __<\/em><\/strong> generators.
Falling Load<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is used to provide consistency of radiographic quality.
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AEC consists of a flat chamber that is located between the<\/strong> and the __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Ionization
2) Patient
3) Image Receptor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AEC uses a kVp, while the machine controls the <\/strong>.
1) Fixed
2) mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The shortest exposure time possible with an AEC is __<\/em><\/strong>.
1 ms or 1\/1000 second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is a modern generator that takes advantage of extremely short time capabilities and tube heat-loading potential.
Falling Load Generator<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With a falling load generator, the radiographer sets and <\/strong>, and the generator calculates the most efficient method of obtaining the required __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) kVp
2) mAs
3) mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> transformer consists of primary coils and secondary coils.
Step-Up or High-Voltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A step-up transformer requires __<\/em><\/strong> current in order to operate.
Alternating<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> coil of a step-up transformer receives voltage from the autotransformer .
Primary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Step-up transformers operate on the principle of __<\/em><\/strong>.
Mutual Induction<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> describes the number of turns in the wire in the primary coil, compared to the number of turns in the wire of the secondary coil.
Turns Ratio<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turns Ratio Formula (Autotransformer Law):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The turns ratio determines how much __<\/em><\/strong> is stepped-up.
Voltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The the turns ratio, the higher the resulting <\/strong>.
1) Greater
2) Kilovoltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The turns ratio may be to <\/strong>, depending on the equipment.
1) 500
2) 1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X-ray tubes require __<\/em><\/strong> current in order to operate correctly.
Direct<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> changes alternating current coming from the step-up transformer into direct current.
Rectifier<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rectifiers are solid-state semiconductor __<\/em><\/strong>.
Diodes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rectifier is located in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Step-Up Transformer
2) X-Ray Tube<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A unit with __<\/em><\/strong> diodes provides full-wave rectification for a single-phase generator.
Four<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Full-wave rectification produces __<\/em><\/strong> direct current.
Pulsating<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Single-phase full-wave rectification results in a waveform containing pulses per cycle (<\/strong> pulses per second).
1) Two
2) 120<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Single-phase full-wave rectification results in % voltage ripple, with voltage dropping to <\/strong>, 120 times per second.
1) 100
2) Zero<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A unit with or<\/strong> diodes provides full-wave rectification for three-phase equipment.
1) 6
2) 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When three-phase current is used, voltage __<\/em><\/strong> drops to zero during exposure.
Never<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltage ripple for three-phase, six-pulse is approximately %, and the voltage actually used is about <\/strong>% of the kVp set.
1) 13
2) 87<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltage ripple for three-phase, twelve-pulse is approximately %, and the voltage actually used is about <\/strong>% of the kVp set.
1) 4
2) 96<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltage ripple for high-frequency generators is approximately %, and the voltage actually used is about <\/strong>% of the kVp set.
1) 1
2) 99<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mA meter (or milliammeter) measures the __<\/em><\/strong> in milliamperes.
Tube Current<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mA meter is wired in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Rectifier
2) X-Ray Tube<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The filament circuit (or mA control) regulates the number of __<\/em><\/strong> available at the filament to produce x-rays.
Electrons<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When electrons are boiled off of the filament, it is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Thermionic Emission<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The anode is the __<\/em><\/strong> electrode in the x-ray tube.
Positive<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cathode is the __<\/em><\/strong> electrode in the x-ray tube.
Negative<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An anode rotates anywhere from to<\/strong> rpm.
1) 3300
2) 10000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The target angle of the anode allows for a actual focal spot, while producing a<\/strong> effective focal spot. This effect is known as the __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Larger
2) Smaller
3) Line Focus Principle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The target angle may be to<\/strong> degrees, depending on the tube design.
1) 7
2) 20<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When electrons travel from the cathode to the anode, they travel at up to the speed of <\/strong>.
1) Half
2) Light<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When electrons strike the anode, the kinetic energy converts the electrons into and <\/strong>.
1) Heat
2) X-Rays<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When striking the anode, the electron conversion to heat is approximately __<\/em><\/strong>%.
99.8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When striking the anode, the electron conversion to x-rays is approximately __<\/em><\/strong>%.
0.2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> are a calculation of the total heat produced during an x-ray exposure.
Heat Units<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heat units for single-phase full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula:
kVp x mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heat units for three-phase, six-pulse full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula:
kVp x mAs x 1.35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heat units for three-phase, twelve-pulse full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula:
kVp x mAs x 1.41<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The x-ray tube for fluoroscopy is operated at to<\/strong> mA.
1) 3
2) 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp and mAs are automatically adjusted during fluoroscopy by a process known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Automatic Brightness Control (ABC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Automatic brightness control is also called or <\/strong>.
1) Automatic Brightness Stabilization
2) Automatic Gain Control<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> receives exit rays from the patient and converts then into visible light.
Input Phosphor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Visible light from the input phosphor strikes the __<\/em><\/strong>, which is a thin layer next to the input phosphor.
Photocathode<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The photocathode releases electrons in amounts __<\/em><\/strong> proportional to the visible light striking it.
Directly<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electrons from the photocathode are concentrated and directed toward the other end of the image-intensifier tube by a series of and by<\/strong> kVp applied through the tube.
1) Electrostatic Lenses (Focusing Lenses)
2) 25<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once electrons are propelled across the tube from the photocathode, they strike the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Output Phosphor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once the energy of the electrons hits the output phosphor, it is converted by the phosphor to in amounts<\/strong> to __<\/em><\/strong> times greater than the photocathode.
1) Visible Light
2) 50
3) 75<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The increase in brightness from the photocathode to the output phosphor is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Flux Gain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phosphor is smaller than the<\/strong> phosphor, resulting in an increase in brightness known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Output
2) Input
3) Minification Gain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Total brightness gain is a product of gain and<\/strong> gain.
1) Minification
2) Flux<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Total brightness gain ranges from to <\/strong>, and decreases as the tube ages.
1) 5000
2) 20000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A complete program in a radiology department that addresses all aspects of quality, including customer service, image interpretation, accuracy of diagnosis, and distribution of radiologists’ reports is known as:
Quality Assurance<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A program that specifically addresses the safe and reliable operation of equipment is known as:
Quality Control<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A quality control program is required by __<\/em><\/strong>.
The Joint Commission<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collimation must be accurate to within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the source-to-image receptor distance.
2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The effective focal spot size should be within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the size stated in the equipment specifications.
50<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp must be accurate to within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the kVp indicated.
10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The exposure timer should be accurate to within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the time chosen for exposures over 10 ms.
5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adjacent mA stations should be accurate to within % of one another. This is known as <\/strong>.
1) 10
2) Exposure Linearity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radiation intensity of sequential exposures should not vary more than %. This is known as <\/strong>.
1) 5
2) Exposure Reproduceability<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fluoroscopy exposure rate should be tested with a digital dosimeter, and should not be more than________ per minute.
100 mGy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CR plates should be erased at least every __<\/em><\/strong>.
48 Hours<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CR readers should be calibrated __<\/em><\/strong>.
Annually<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> comprises of systems for image acquisition, display, network and storage.
Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is a standard protocol used for blending PACS and various imaging modalities.
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> blends patient care information, reporting and billing.
Hospital Information System (HIS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is used for ordering procedures and reporting results.
Radiology Information System (RIS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is a comprehensive collection of patient information stored in a digital format that may be shared across networks. Data may include history, medications, allergies, test results and vital signs.
Electronic Medical Record (EMR)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sharpness of the structural edges recorded on the images is known as:
Spacial Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spacial resolution may be described as the __<\/em><\/strong> representation of the part being imaged.
Geometric<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The highest spacial resolution that can be recorded, and is controlled by pixel pitch, is known as:
Nyquist Frequency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The amount of radiation striking the image receptor is known as:
Receptor Exposure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measurement of the luminance of an area in a radiographic image displayed on a monitor is known as:
Brightness<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The visible difference between any two selected areas of brightness levels within the displayed radiographic images is known as:
Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The number of brightness levels (or shades of gray) visible on an image is linked to the bit depth of a system, and is known as:
Grayscale<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When slight differences between gray shades is present (low contrast) but the total number of gray shades is great, it is known as:
Long Scale Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When considerable or major differences between gray shades are present (high contrast), but the total number of gray shades is small, it is known as:
Short Scale Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contrast resolution is controlled by __<\/em><\/strong>, or the number of bits per pixel.
Bit Depth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With larger the bit depth, __<\/em><\/strong> levels of gray are possible in an image.
Greater<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The range of exposures that may be captured by a detector is known as:
Dynamic Range<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The range of exposures that produce quality images at appropriate patient dose is known as:
Exposure Latitude<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> exposure latitude makes for better visualization of soft tissues and bone.
Wide<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The magnitude of the signal difference in the remnant beam as a result of the different absorption characteristics of the tissues and structures making up that part is known as:
Subject Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A digital image is composed of rows and columns called a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Matrix<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The matrix size equals the total number of __<\/em><\/strong> in the image.
Pixels<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> component of the martix is the pixel.
Smallest<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pixel stands for __<\/em><\/strong>.
Picture Element<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smaller pixels provide greater __<\/em><\/strong>.
Spacial Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each pixel in the matrix corresponds to a shade of gray representing an area in the patient called a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Voxel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voxel stands for __<\/em><\/strong>.
Volume Element<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The number of pixels per millimeter in the image is known as __<\/em><\/strong>, and is determined by pixel pitch.
Pixel Density<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The space from the center of one pixel to the center of an adjacent pixel is known as:
Pixel Pitch<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less space between pixels (pixel pitch) provides for greater __<\/em><\/strong>.
Spacial Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is constructed to show the radiographer the distribution of pixel values (indicating low, proper, or high exposure).
Histogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Digital images may be printed onto film by using a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Laser Camera<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Resolution is __<\/em><\/strong> with DR than with CR because DR involves less conversion of the information.
Finer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changing the __<\/em><\/strong> adjusts the image brightness.
Window Level<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changing the __<\/em><\/strong> adjusts the image contrast.
Window Width<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A histogram of pixel values from image acquisition that can be used to correct or enhance luminance values is known as a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Look-Up Table (LUT)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> results in a grainy or noisy image.
Quantum Mottle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quantum mottle is caused by too x-ray photons hitting the image receptor, normally from too low of a <\/strong>.
1) Few
2) kVp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The comparison of the useful signal to the presence of noise is known as:
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The higher the signal-to-noise ratio, the __<\/em><\/strong> the image quality.
Higher<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The efficiency with witch the digital system converts an x-ray signal to a useful diagnostic image is known as:
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The smallest resolvable area on an image receptor is known as a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Detector Element (DEL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ability of a digital system to accurately record spacial frequencies is known as:
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The area of the imaging device that is used to acquire the useful image is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Detector Size<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ability to assign a value to each pixel corresponding to the gray shade determined by its bit depth is known as:
Quantization<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> controls the number of electrons passing from cathode to anode in the x-ray tube, and the quantity of x-rays produced at the anode.
mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mAs controls the amount of __<\/em><\/strong> exiting the x-ray tube.
Radiation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mAs __<\/em><\/strong> controls the number of x-ray photons that emerge from the patient, and ultimately the number of x-rays that strike the image receptor.
Directly<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> directly effects the energy or quality of the x-rays produced.
kVp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp __<\/em><\/strong>, a greater potential difference exists between the cathode and the anode.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp potential difference __<\/em><\/strong>, the electrons from the cathode strike the anode in greater number and with greater energy.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp potential differences increase, the result is an increased level of -wavelength, <\/strong>-energy radiation.
1) Short
2) High<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp affects receptor exposure, although not in a directly<\/strong> relationship.
1) Directly
2) Proportional<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp increases, receptor exposure __<\/em><\/strong>.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp decreases, receptor exposure __<\/em><\/strong>.
Decreases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp determines the __<\/em><\/strong> ability of the x-ray beam.
Penetrating<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp is increased, wavelength __<\/em><\/strong>, and x-rays become more penetrating.
Decreases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp is decreased, wavelength __<\/em><\/strong>, and x-rays become less penetrating.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In increase in kVp of % will double the receptor exposure, while a decrease in kVp of <\/strong>% will halve the receptor exposure. This is known as the __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) 15
2) 15
3) 15% Rule<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of x-rays and the image receptor. This defines the:
Inverse Square Law<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inverse Square Law Formula:
I\u2081(D\u2081)\u00b2 = I\u2082(D\u2082)\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elongation (body part appears longer than normal) is caused by angulation along the __<\/em><\/strong> axis of the part being imaged.
Long<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foreshortening (body part appears shorter than normal) is caused by angulation against the __<\/em><\/strong> axis of the part being imaged.
Main<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grids are constructed of strips separated by<\/strong> interspacers.
1) Lead
2) Aluminum<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The height of the lead strips divided by the distance between the lead strips is known as:
Grid Ratio<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grid Ratio Formula:
H\/D<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The number of lead strips in a grid per inch (or centimeter) is known as:
Grid Frequency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measure of the ability of a grid to increase contrast is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Contrast Improvement Factor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ratio of primary radiation transmitted through the grid to secondary radiation transmitted through the grid is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Grid Selectivity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grid conversion factor (GCF) is the amount of exposure necessary to compensate for the<\/strong> of image-forming x-rays and scatter in the cleanup process.
1) Increase
2) Absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grid conversion factor is also known as:
Bucky Factor Value<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How do you calculate the new mAs required for a specific grid using the grid conversion factor?
GCF of selected grid times the current mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
What is the grid conversion factor for a 5:1 grid?
2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the grid conversion factor for a 8:1 grid?
4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the grid conversion factor for a 12:1 grid?
5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the grid conversion factor for a 16:1 grid?
6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When normal density appears in the middle of a radiograph with decreased density on the sides, this is likely a result of:
Grid Upside Down<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When image-forming x-rays are absorbed all across the radiographic field, with cutoff (decreased density) visible over the entire radiograph, this is a result of:
Grid Off-Level<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the central ray does not strike the grid in the center, and there is visible cutoff more to one side of the radiograph than the other, the cause is:
Lateral Decentering<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When there is normal density in the middle of the radiograph, with cutoff visible on the sides, the cause is likely to be:
Grid-Focus Decentering<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is the distance at which focused grids may be used.
Grid Focus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Focus range is __<\/em><\/strong> for low-ratio grids.
Wide<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Focus range is __<\/em><\/strong> for high-ratio grids.
Narrow<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Generally, grids are used when the body part being imaged is cm thick or greater, or when more than<\/strong> kVp is used.
1) 10
2) 60<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What type of build is massive, represents 5% of the population, has a broad and deep thorax, high diaphragm, high colon, and a stomach and gallbladder that are high and horizontal?
Hypersthenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What body type is a slight modification of hypersthenic, is the most common body habitus, and is present in 50% of the population?
Sthenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What body type is between asthenic and sthenic and is present in 35% of the population?
Hyposthenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What body type is a slender build, is present in 10% of the population, has a narrow and shallow thorax, long thoracic cavity, long lungs, low diaphragm, short abdominal cavity, low colon, and a stomach and gallbladder that are low, vertical, and near the midline?
Asthenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A process is a:
Prominence<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spine is a:
Sharp prominence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A tubercle is a:
Rounded projection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A tuberosity is a:
Large rounded projection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A trochanter is a:
Very large body prominence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A crest is a:
Ridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A condyle is a:
Round process of an articulating bone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A head is a:
Enlargement at the end of a bone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A fossa is a:
Pit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A groove is a:
Furrow<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A sulcus is:
Synonymous with a groove.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A sinus is a:
Cavity within a bone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A foramen is a:
Opening<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A meatus is:
Tubelike<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fibrous joints are known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Synarthroses<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fibrous joints are generally __<\/em><\/strong> and have no joint cavity or capsule.
Immovable<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cartilaginous joints are known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Amphiarthroses<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cartilaginous joints are __<\/em><\/strong> movable, but have no joint cavity and are contiguous bones united by cartilage and ligaments.
Slightly<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Synovial joints are known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Diarthroses<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Synovial joints are __<\/em><\/strong> movable, and have bones held together by a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane and ligaments.
Freely<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are __<\/em><\/strong> types of movements capable with synovial joints.
6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> joint permits motion in one plane only, such as an elbow.
Hinge<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> joint permits rotary movement in which a ring rotates around a central axis, such as a proximal radio-ulner articulation.
Pivot<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> joint has opposing surfaces that are concavo-convex, and allow flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, such as the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Saddle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> joint is capable of movement in an infinite number of axes, and has a round head of one bone that moves in a cuplike cavity of the approximating base, such as a hip.
Ball and Socket<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> joint is capable of permitting articulation of contiguous bones and allows only for gliding momements, such as a wrist or ankle.
Gliding<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> joint permits movement in two directions at right angles to one another. Circumduction is possible, but rotation is not. Occurs in areas such as the radiocarpal joints.
Condyloid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> skull is considered to be a typical skull.
Mesocephalic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> skull is short from front to back, and broad from side to side, and shallow from vertex to base.
Brachycephalic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> skull is long from front to back, narrow from side to side, and deep from vertex to base.
Dolichocephalic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Digital radiography is more efficient in ,<\/strong> and __<\/em><\/strong> than screen-film radiography.
1) Time
2) Space
3) Personnel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the three basic components of a DR imaging system?
1) Capture Element
2) Coupling Element
3) Collection Element<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is a capture element?
The location where the x-ray is captured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In CR, the capture element is __<\/em><\/strong> phosphor.
1) Photostimulable<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In DR, the capture element may be , <\/strong>, or <\/strong>.
1) Cesium Iodide (CsI)
2) Sodium Iodide (NaI)
3) Gadolinium Oxysulfide (GdOS)
4) Amorphous Selenium (a-Se)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is a coupling element?
It is where the x-ray generated signal is transferred to the collection element.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A coupling element may be a or<\/strong> optic assembly, a layer or <\/strong>.
1) Lens
2) Fiber
3) Contact
4) a-Se<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is a collection element?
The area in which the x-ray signal is captured via light or electrons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The collection system may be a , a<\/strong> or a __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Photodiode
2) CCD
3) TFT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A photodiode and a CCD are light-sensitive devices that collect light __<\/em><\/strong>.
Photons<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A TFT is a charge-sensitive device that collects __<\/em><\/strong>.
Electrons<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A CCD is a highly -sensitive device with<\/strong> principal advantageous imaging characteristics.
1) Light
2) Three<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the three imaging characteristics of a CCD?
1) Sensitivity
2) Dynamic Range
3) Size<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is sensitivity in relation to a CCD?
The ability of the CCD to detect and respond to very low levels of visible light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is dynamic range in relation to a CCD?
The ability of the CCD to respond to a wide range of light intensity, from very dim to very bright.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A CCD has a sensitivity for radiation and a much<\/strong> dynamic range than screen-film image receptors.
1) Higher
2) Wider<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using a CCD image receptor as opposed to a screen-film image receptor results in a much __<\/em><\/strong> patient dose.
Lower<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the use of a CCD, image __<\/em><\/strong> is unrelated to image receptor x-ray exposure.
Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With a CCD, the four decades of radiation response (0 to 10,000) can be visualized by image __<\/em><\/strong>.
Postprocessing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A CCD is very , which makes it highly adaptable to<\/strong> in its various forms.
1) Small
2) DR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A CCD measures approximately cm, but the pixel size is only<\/strong> \u00b5m.
1) 1 to 2
2) 100 x 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One successful approach to DR utilizes CCDs receiving light from a <\/strong>.
1) Tiled
2) Scintillator<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scintillation light from a CsI phosphor is efficiently transmitted through __<\/em><\/strong> to the CCD array.
Fiber Optic Bundles<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Light from a CsI phosphor that is delivered to the CCD array results in high x-ray capture efficiency and good resolution up to<\/strong> lp\/mm.
1) Spacial
2) 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CsI\/CCD is an DR process by which x-rays are converted first to<\/strong> then to __<\/em><\/strong> signal.
1) Indirect
2) Light
3) Electric<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overcoming the challenge of creating a seamless image at the edge of each CCD is accomplished by of pixel values at each tile <\/strong>.
1) Interpolation
2) Interface<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An early application of DR involved the use of CsI to capture the x-rays, as well as transmission of the resulting scintillation light to a __<\/em><\/strong> element.
Collection<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A collection element is sandwiched as a <\/strong>.
1) Silicon
2) TFT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silicon is a that is usually grown as a <\/strong>.
1) Semiconductor
2) Crystal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When identified as amorphous silicon (a-silicon), the silicon is not but is a<\/strong> that can be painted onto a supporting surface.
1) Crystalline
2) Liquid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CsI has a high capture because the atomic number of cesium is<\/strong> and Iodine is __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Photoelectric
2) 55
3) 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X-ray interaction with CsI is high, resulting in __<\/em><\/strong> patient dose.
Low<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A DR image receptor is fabricated into individual __<\/em><\/strong>.
Pixels<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each pixel in a DR has a light-sensitive face of __<\/em><\/strong>, with a capacitor and a TFT embedded.
a-Si<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CsI\/a-Si is an __<\/em><\/strong> DR process by which x-rays are converted first into light and then to electric signal.
Indirect<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because a portion of the DR pixel face is occupied by conductors, capacitors and the TFT, it is not totally sensitive to the incident image-forming __<\/em><\/strong>.
X-ray Beam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The percentage of the pixel face in DR that is sensitive to x-rays is known as:
Fill Factor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fill factor is approximately %, therefore <\/strong>% of the x-ray beam does not contribute to the image.
1) 80
2) 20<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As pixel size is reduced resolution improves, but at the expense of <\/strong>.
1) Spacial
2) Patient Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With smaller pixels, the fill factor is and x-ray intensity must be<\/strong> to maintain adequate signal strength.
1) Reduced
2) Increased<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> in DR is pixel limited.
Spacial Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With amorphous selenium, the image-forming x-ray beam interacts directly with the , producing a charged <\/strong>.
1) a-Se
2) Pair<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a-Se is a __<\/em><\/strong> DR process by which x-rays are converted to electric signal.
Direct<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X-rays incident on the a-Se create electron hole through direct<\/strong> of selenium.
1) Pairs
2) Ionization<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A created a-Se charge is collected by a storage and remains there until the signal is read by the<\/strong> action of the TFT.
1) Capacitor
2) Switching<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In mammography, __<\/em><\/strong> is more important than spacial resolution for soft tissue radiography.
Contrast Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because contrast resolution is most important in mammography, __<\/em><\/strong> has been shown to be superior to screen-film mammography.
DR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is spacial resolution?
The ability of an imaging system to record small high-contrast objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spacial resolution is usually described as the of an object that can be <\/strong>.
1) Size
2) Viewed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In medical imaging, spacial resolution is described as spacial __<\/em><\/strong>.
Frequency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spacial frequency relates to the number of __<\/em><\/strong> in a given length.
Line Pairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In medical imaging, line pairs are measured in line pairs per __<\/em><\/strong>.
Millimeter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the spacial frequency becomes larger, the objects become __<\/em><\/strong>.
Smaller<\/p>\n\n\n\n

spacial frequency indicates better spacial <\/strong>.
1) Higher
2) Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anatomy can be described as having spacial __<\/em><\/strong>.
Frequency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Large soft tissues such as liver, kidney and brain have __<\/em><\/strong> spacial frequency and are easy to image.
Low<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bone trabeculae, breast microcalcifications and contrast-filled vessels are __<\/em><\/strong>-frequency objects and are more difficult to image.
High<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spacial resolution in digital imaging is limited by the size of the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Pixel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No digital imaging system can image an object that is smaller than __<\/em><\/strong> pixel.
One<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is modulation transfer function (MTF)?
The ability of an imaging system to render objects of different sizes onto an image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An imaging system that produces an image appearing exactly like the object would have an MTF equal to __<\/em><\/strong>.
One<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modulation transfer function can be viewed as the of image to<\/strong> as a function of spacial __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Ratio
2) Object
3) Frequency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At low spacial frequencies (large objects), __<\/em><\/strong> reproduction is noted on the image.
Good<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At high spacial frequencies (small objects), the faithful reproduction of the object on the image __<\/em><\/strong>.
Gets Worse<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radiography has a limiting spacial resolution of approximately __<\/em><\/strong> lp\/mm.
8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mammography has a limiting spacial resolution of approximately __<\/em><\/strong> lp\/mm.
15<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A single screen and smaller focal spot results in better spacial with <\/strong>.
1) Resolution
2) Mammography<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is contrast resolution?
The ability to distinguish many shades of gray from black to white.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Digital imaging systems have __<\/em><\/strong> contrast resolution than screen-film imaging.
Better<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The principal descriptor for contrast resolution is grayscale, also called __<\/em><\/strong> range.
Dynamic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> range is the number of gray shades that an imaging system can reproduce.
Dynamic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The dynamic range of digital imaging systems is identified by the __<\/em><\/strong> of each pixel.
Bit Capacity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CT and MRI imaging systems generally have a __<\/em><\/strong>-bit dynamic range.
12 (2\u00b9\u00b2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12-bit (2\u00b9\u00b2) systems contain __<\/em><\/strong> shades of gray.
4096<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DR may have a __<\/em><\/strong>-bit dynamic range.
14 (2\u00b9\u2074)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14-bit (2\u00b9\u2074) systems contain __<\/em><\/strong> shades of gray.
16,384<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because contrast resolution is so important in mammography, these systems have a __<\/em><\/strong>-bit dynamic range.
16 (2\u00b9\u2076)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16-bit (2\u00b9\u2076) systems contain __<\/em><\/strong> shades of gray.
65,536<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The response of a digital imaging system is to<\/strong> orders of magnitude, as opposed to ________orders of magnitude for a screen-film system.
1) Four
2) Five
3) Three<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A principal advantage of digital imaging is the ability to -process and <\/strong>-process the image.
1) Pre
2) Post<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> allows visualization of all shades of gray.
Postprocessing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With the use of and<\/strong> postprocessing tools, any region of grayscale can be expanded into a white-to-black grayscale.
1) Window
2) Level<\/p>\n\n\n\n

resolution is more important that<\/strong> resolution when soft tissue is imaged.
1) Contrast
2) Spacial<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is SNR?
Signal-to-Noise Ratio<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The signal in a radiographic image is that portion of the image-forming x-rays that represents __<\/em><\/strong>.
Anatomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A signal represents the between those x-rays transmitted to the image receptor, and those<\/strong> photoelectrically.
1) Difference
2) Absorbed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sources of image noise include radiation and factors associated with the image <\/strong>.
1) Scatter
2) Receptor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Noise __<\/em><\/strong> contrast resolution, therefore we strive for the highest SNR possible, while adhering to ALARA.
Limits<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In general, as the is increased, the SNR is also increased, but at the expense of patient <\/strong>.
1) mAs
2) Dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another way to increase SNR is seen in digital __<\/em><\/strong> angiography (DSA).
Subtraction<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With digital imaging, we can reduce patient dose by % to <\/strong>%. The opposite has occurred because of dose __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) 20
2) 50
3) Creep<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because digital can always yield a good image, it’s possible for the technologist to forget to change the factors between exposures. This results in an overall<\/strong> in patient dose.
1) Technique
2) Increase<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patient dose reduction should be possible because of the way in which a digital image receptor responds to x-rays, and because of a property known as detective __<\/em><\/strong> efficiency.
Quantum<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because digital image receptor response is related to radiation dose, image<\/strong> does not change with dose.
1) Linearly
2) Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One cannot -expose or <\/strong>-expose a digital image because contrast is not affected by dose.
1) Over
2) Under<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A digital image should require repeating because of<\/strong> factors. This aids in patient dose reduction.
1) Never
2) Exposure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because digital image contrast is unrelated to dose, __<\/em><\/strong> becomes less important.
kVp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To reduce dose in digital radiography, we can increase and decrease <\/strong>.
1) kVp
2) mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instead of dose creep, __<\/em><\/strong> creep should be used with digital imaging systems. The result will again be a reduction in patient dose.
Technique<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A problem with very technique for digital imaging is low <\/strong>.
1) Low
2) SNR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Noise can predominate and compromise the interpretation of __<\/em><\/strong> anatomy.
Soft Tissue<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is photometry?
The study of how the human eye responds to light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The basic photometric unit is known as the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Lumen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the two laws associated with photometry?
1) Inverse Square Law
2) Cosine Law<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The inverse square law states that:
Luminous intensity decreases in proportion to the inverse square of the distance from the source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cosine law states that:
Luminous intensity falls off rapidly as one views a digital display device at larger angles from perpendicular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best viewing of a digital display device is __<\/em><\/strong>.
Straight On<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is a hard copy image?
Actual film that is placed on a viewbox for reading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is a soft copy image?
Images displayed on a digital device such as a CRT or AMLCD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What does AMLCD stand for?
Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A liquid crystal has the property of a highly ordered structure (a crystal), and the property of<\/strong> (a fluid).
1) Molecular
2) Viscosity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liquid crystal materials are organic molecules that are<\/strong> charged, forming a natural molecular __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Linear
2) Electrically
3) Dipole<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liquid crystals can be through the action of an external<\/strong> field.
1) Aligned
2) Electric<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMLCD’s are fashioned by <\/strong>.
1) Pixel
2) Pixel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An AMLCD has a very intense white that illuminates each <\/strong>.
1) Backlight
2) Pixel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each pixel of an AMLCD contains light- filters and<\/strong> to control the intensity and color of light transmitted through the pixel.
1) Polarizing
2) Films<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The pixels in an AMLCD consists of glass plate substrates that are separated by<\/strong> glass beads, and act as spacers.
1) Two
1) Spherical<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How large are the spherical glass beads contained in the glass plate substrates of an AMLCD pixel?
A few microns in diameter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bus lines (conductors) control each pixel of an AMLCD with a thin-__<\/em><\/strong> transistor (TFT).
Film<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With AMLCD, __<\/em><\/strong> resolution improves with the use of a higher-megapixel digital display device.
Spacial<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An AMLCD is a very __<\/em><\/strong> device.
Inefficient<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only about % of the backlight of an AMLCD is transmitted through a monochrome monitor, and<\/strong> of that through a color monitor.
1) 10
2) Half<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why is the luminescence of AMLCD so inefficient?
Because light is absorbed in the filters and polarizers. Also due to each pixel being blocked by the TFT and bus lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is an aperture ratio?
The portion of the pixel face that is available to transmit light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aperture ratios of % and <\/strong>% are characteristic of medical AMLCD devices.
1) 50
2) 80<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term “active” in AMLCD refers to the ability to control individually each of the digital display device. The<\/strong> is required for the active read.
1) Pixel
2) TFT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMLCD’s have better definition than CRT’s, and less intrinsic <\/strong>.
1) Grayscale
2) Noise<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMLCD’s are designed to better reduce the influence of light on image <\/strong>.
1) Ambient
2) Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The principal disadvantage of an AMLCD is the __<\/em><\/strong> dependence of viewing.
Angular<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Levels of ambient light at a workstation must be near __<\/em><\/strong> for best viewing.
Darkness<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preprocessing is designed to produce __<\/em><\/strong>-free digital images.
Artifact<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preprocessing implements electronic to reduce pixel-to-pixel, row-to-row, and column-to-column<\/strong> differences.
1) Calibration
2) Response<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The process of pixel , lag <\/strong>, and __<\/em><\/strong> correction are automatically applied with most systems.
1) Interpolation
2) Correction
3) Noise<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is where digital imaging shines.
Postprocessing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postprocessing refers to anything that can be done to a digital image after it is acquired by the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Digital Imaging System<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postprocessing is performed to the appearance of the image for the purpose of better detecting <\/strong>.
1) Optimize
2) Pathology<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is annotation?
The process of adding text to an image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By making and<\/strong> adjustments, the viewer can make all shades of gray visible.
1) Window
2) Level<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adjusting window and level to visualize all shades of gray may be the most __<\/em><\/strong> feature of digital imaging.
Important<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The larger matrix size digital display devices have better resolution because they have<\/strong> pixels.
1) Spacial
2) Smaller<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smaller pixels and better spacial resolution allows for the __<\/em><\/strong> of a region of an image to render the smallest detail visible.
Magnification<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is image flip?
When an image is flipped horizontally or vertically to bring the image into standard view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is image inversion?
Changing the white areas on the image black, and the black areas on the image white.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why might image inversion be used?
Because it may make some pathology more visible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Misregistration of a subtraction image can be corrected by reregistering the image through a technique known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Pixel Shift<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> radiology uses the numeric value of pixels to help in diagnosis.
Quantitative<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quantitative radiology requires identifying a region-of-interest (ROI), and computing the __<\/em><\/strong> pixel value for that ROI.
Mean<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quantitative radiology is __<\/em><\/strong> at detecting bone mineral assay, calcified lung nodules, and renal stones.
Best<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edge enhancement is effective for and small, high-contrast <\/strong>.
1) Fractures
2) Tissues<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> can be effective in identifying diffuse, nonfocal disease.
Highlighting<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What allows for careful visualization of precise regions of an image?
Pan, scroll and zoom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is a PACS system?
A computer system that not only allows acquisition, but also the interpretation, storage and recall of each medical image in digital form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What does PACS stand for?
Picture Archiving and Communication System<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the four principal components of a PACS system?
1) Image Acquisition System
2) Display System
3) Network
4) Storage System<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term __<\/em><\/strong> is used to describe the manner in which many computers and devices can be connected to interact with one another.
Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is the process of remote transmission and viewing of images.
Teleradiology<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To ensure adaptability between imaging systems, the ACR and NEMA have produced a standard imaging interface format known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
DICOM<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What does DICOM stand for?
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A great advantage of PACS is __<\/em><\/strong>, which helps to save space in the hospital usually allocated to film storage.
Archiving<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With PACS, a film room is replaced by a or<\/strong> memory device.
1) Magnetic
2) Optical<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electronically, images stored in PACS can be recalled from the archival system to any __<\/em><\/strong> in seconds.
Workstation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Backup PACS storage is accommodated __<\/em><\/strong> at a digital data storage vendor.
Offsite<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offsite PACS backups are needed should the main storage files onsite become __<\/em><\/strong>.
Corrupted<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rotor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stator Coils<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rotating Anode<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Target<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Window<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glass Envelope<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filament<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Focusing Cup<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Supporting Wires<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\u2070
Due to, Secondary to<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0107
With<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015b
Without<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2206
Change<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2191
Increased<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2193
Decreased<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2642
Male<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2640
Female<\/p>\n\n\n\n

+
Positive<\/p>\n\n\n\n

–
Negative<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AAA
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AAS
Acute Abdominal Series<\/p>\n\n\n\n

abd
Abdomen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABG
Arterial Blood Gas<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abn
Abnormal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AC
Acromioclavicular<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AK
Above the Knee<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AKA
Above the Knee Amputation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ALOC
Altered Level of Consciousness<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMA
Against Medical Advise<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMS
Altered Mental Status<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AP
Anteroposterior<\/p>\n\n\n\n

appy
Appendectomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARDS
Acute (Adult) Respiratory Distress Syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ARF
Acute Renal Failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AS
Aortic Stenosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASA
Aspirin<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASAP
As Soon as Possible<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AWOL
Absent without Leave<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\/P
Blood Pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B
Bilateral<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba
Barium<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BA
Blood Alcohol<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BE
Barium Enema<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BID
Twice a Day<\/p>\n\n\n\n

bilat.
Bilateral<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BK
Below the Knee<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BKA
Below the Knee Amputation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BM
Bowel Movement<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BRB
Bright Red Blood<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BP
Blood Pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BS
Bowel Sounds<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CA
Carcinoma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bx
Biopsy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAD
Coronary Artery Disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C1, C2, \u2026
First Cervical Vertebra, Second Cervical Vertebra, \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAT
Computerized Tomography<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CBC
Complete Blood Count<\/p>\n\n\n\n

cc
Cubic Centimeter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CC
Chief Complaint<\/p>\n\n\n\n

creat.
Creatinine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CF
Cystic Fibrosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CHF
Congestive Heart Failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

cm
Centimeter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CNS
Central Nervous System<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c\/o
Complains of<\/p>\n\n\n\n

COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CT
Computerized Tomography<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CVP
Central Venous Pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CXR
Chest X-Ray<\/p>\n\n\n\n

dc
Discontinue (Stop Giving)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DC
Discharge (From Hospital, Unit, Etc.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DJD
Degenerative Joint Disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DM
Diabetes Mellitus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNR
Do Not Resuscitate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DOA
Dead on Arrival<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DOB
Date of Birth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DT’s
Delirium Tremens<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DVT
Deep Vein Thrombosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dx
Diagnosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dz
Disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ED
Emergency Department<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EKG
Electrocardiogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ECG
Electrocardiogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ENT
Ear, Nose and Throat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ER
Emergency Room<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ERCP
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ET
Endotracheal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ETA
Estimated Time of Arrival<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ETOH
Ethanol (Drinking Alcohol)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ETT
Endotracheal Tube<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F
Female<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FB
Foreign Body<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FU
Follow-Up<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\/U
Follow-Up<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FUO
Fever of Undetermined Origin<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fx
Fracture<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GB
Gallbladder<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GI
Gastrointestinal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GSW
Gunshot Wound<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GU
Genitourinary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gyn
Gynecology<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H&P
History and Physical<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\/A
Headache<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HSG
Hysterosalpingogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HTN
Hypertension<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I&D
Irrigation and Drainage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBD
Inflammatory Bowel Disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ICP
Intracranial Pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ICU
Intensive Care Unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IDDM
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IM
Intramuscular<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inj
Injection<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IUD
Intrauterine Device<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IUP
Intrauterine Pregnancy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV
Intravenous<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IVDA
Intravenous Drug Abuse<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IVH
Interventricular Hemorrhage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IVP
Intravenous Pyelogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kg
Kilogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KUB
Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L1, L2, \u2026
First Lumbar Vertebra, Second Lumbar Vertebra, \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L&D
Labor and Delivery<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L.
Left<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LAC
Laceration<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lat.
Lateral<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LBP
Lower Back Pain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LLE
Left Lower Extremity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LLL
Left Lower Lobe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LLQ
Left Lower Quadrant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LMP
Last Menstrual Period<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LOC
Loss of Consciousness<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LP
Lumbar Puncture<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LQ
Lower Quadrant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lt.
Left<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LUE
Left Upper Extremity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LUL
Left Upper Lobe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

LUQ
Left Upper Quadrant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M
Male<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MCP
Metacarpophalangeal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mg
Milligrams<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MI
Myocardial Infarct<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MICU
Medical Intensive Care Unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ml
Milliliter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mm
Millimeter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MVA
Motor Vehicle Accident<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na
Sodium<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\/A
Not Applicable<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N&V
Nausea and Vomiting<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\/V
Nausea and Vomiting<\/p>\n\n\n\n

neg
Negative<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NG
Nasogastric<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NGT
Nasogastric Tube<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NICU
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NKA
No Known Allergies<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NKDA
No Known Drug Allergies<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NKFA
No Known Food Allergies<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPO
Nothing by Mouth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NWB
Non-Weight Bearing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O2
Oxygen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

o.d.
Overdose<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O.D.
Right Eye<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O.S.
Left Eye<\/p>\n\n\n\n

obl.
Oblique<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OR
Operating Room<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ORIF
Open Reduction, Internal Fixation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PA
Posteroanterior<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PACU
Post Anesthesia Care Unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PCN
Penicillin<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PCXR
Portable Chest X-Ray<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PE
Pulmonary Embolus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PIP
Proximal Interphalangeal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

po
By Mouth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pos
Positive<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Post.
Posterior<\/p>\n\n\n\n

post red.
Following Reduction (of Fracture or Dislocation)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PPD
Purified Protein Derivative (TB Test)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

prn
When Needed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pt.
Patient<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pt.
Patient<\/p>\n\n\n\n

q
Each, Every<\/p>\n\n\n\n

QID
Four Times a Day<\/p>\n\n\n\n

r\/o
Rule Out<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\/O
Rule Out<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R
Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RA
Rheumatoid Arthritis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RAT
Rapid Assessment Team<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RBC
Red Blood Cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RDS
Respiratory Distress Syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RLE
Right Lower Extremity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RLL
Right Lower Lobe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RLQ
Right Lower Quadrant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RML
Right Middle Lobe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ROM
Range of Motion<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rt.
Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RUE
Right Upper Extremity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RUL
Right Upper Lobe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RUQ
Right Upper Quadrant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rx
Prescription<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SC
Sternoclavicular<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SI
Sacroiliac<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SICU
Surgical Intensive Care Unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SOB
Short of Breath<\/p>\n\n\n\n

stat
Immediately<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sz
Seizure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T1, T2, \u2026
First Thoracic Vertebra, Second Thoracic Vertebra, \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T&A
Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TA
Traffic Accident<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TAH
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TB
Tuberculosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TC
Traffic Collision<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TID
Three Times a Day<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TMJ
Temporomandibular Joint<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UA
Urinalysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UGI
Upper Gastrointestinal<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNK
Unknown<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UQ
Upper Quadrant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

URI
Upper Respiratory Infection<\/p>\n\n\n\n

US
Ultrasound<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UTI
Urinary Tract Infection<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VD
Venereal Disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vent
Ventilator<\/p>\n\n\n\n

W\/C
Wheelchair<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WBC
White Blood Cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XIP
In Plaster<\/p>\n\n\n\n

XOP
Out of Plaster<\/p>\n\n\n\n

YO
Years Old<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is used to measure radiation in an area, storage areas for radioisotopes, doses traveling through barriers, and patients who have radioactive sources within them.
Handheld Ionization Chamber<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Handheld ionization chambers can measure exposure rates as low as __<\/em><\/strong> per hour.
10 \u00b5Gy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is used to detect radioactive particles in nuclear medicine facilities.
Geiger-Mueller Detector<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geiger-Mueller detectors read in __<\/em><\/strong> per minute.
Counts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An autotransformer is also known as a __<\/em><\/strong> transformer.
Variable<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An autotransformer is constructed with:
A single coil of wire with an iron core.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The autotransformer is the source for selecting __<\/em><\/strong>.
kVp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autotransformers operate on the principle of __<\/em><\/strong>.
Self-Induction<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> is in the x-ray circuit to indicate the voltage that is selected.
Prereading Voltmeter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The prereading voltmeter is prereading because it indicates the __<\/em><\/strong> that will be flowing through the tube once the exposure is made.
Kilovoltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The prereading voltmeter is placed in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Autotransformer
2) Step-Up Transformer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is used to regulate the duration of the x-ray exposure.
Timer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The timer is wired in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Autotransformer
2) Step-Up Transformer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electronic timers allow exposures as low as __<\/em><\/strong>.
1 ms or 1\/1000 second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> provides the safest tube current in the shortest possible time.
mAs Timer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mAs timer measures the total __<\/em><\/strong>.
Tube Current<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mAs timer is located __<\/em><\/strong> the secondary coil of the step-up transformer.
After<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mAs timer is generally used with __<\/em><\/strong> generators.
Falling Load<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is used to provide consistency of radiographic quality.
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AEC consists of a flat chamber that is located between the<\/strong> and the __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Ionization
2) Patient
3) Image Receptor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AEC uses a kVp, while the machine controls the <\/strong>.
1) Fixed
2) mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The shortest exposure time possible with an AEC is __<\/em><\/strong>.
1 ms or 1\/1000 second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is a modern generator that takes advantage of extremely short time capabilities and tube heat-loading potential.
Falling Load Generator<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With a falling load generator, the radiographer sets and <\/strong>, and the generator calculates the most efficient method of obtaining the required __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) kVp
2) mAs
3) mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> transformer consists of primary coils and secondary coils.
Step-Up or High-Voltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A step-up transformer requires __<\/em><\/strong> current in order to operate.
Alternating<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> coil of a step-up transformer receives voltage from the autotransformer .
Primary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Step-up transformers operate on the principle of __<\/em><\/strong>.
Mutual Induction<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> describes the number of turns in the wire in the primary coil, compared to the number of turns in the wire of the secondary coil.
Turns Ratio<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turns Ratio Formula (Autotransformer Law):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The turns ratio determines how much __<\/em><\/strong> is stepped-up.
Voltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The the turns ratio, the higher the resulting <\/strong>.
1) Greater
2) Kilovoltage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The turns ratio may be to <\/strong>, depending on the equipment.
1) 500
2) 1000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X-ray tubes require __<\/em><\/strong> current in order to operate correctly.
Direct<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> changes alternating current coming from the step-up transformer into direct current.
Rectifier<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rectifiers are solid-state semiconductor __<\/em><\/strong>.
Diodes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rectifier is located in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Step-Up Transformer
2) X-Ray Tube<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A unit with __<\/em><\/strong> diodes provides full-wave rectification for a single-phase generator.
Four<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Full-wave rectification produces __<\/em><\/strong> direct current.
Pulsating<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Single-phase full-wave rectification results in a waveform containing pulses per cycle (<\/strong> pulses per second).
1) Two
2) 120<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Single-phase full-wave rectification results in % voltage ripple, with voltage dropping to <\/strong>, 120 times per second.
1) 100
2) Zero<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A unit with or<\/strong> diodes provides full-wave rectification for three-phase equipment.
1) 6
2) 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When three-phase current is used, voltage __<\/em><\/strong> drops to zero during exposure.
Never<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltage ripple for three-phase, six-pulse is approximately %, and the voltage actually used is about <\/strong>% of the kVp set.
1) 13
2) 87<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltage ripple for three-phase, twelve-pulse is approximately %, and the voltage actually used is about <\/strong>% of the kVp set.
1) 4
2) 96<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltage ripple for high-frequency generators is approximately %, and the voltage actually used is about <\/strong>% of the kVp set.
1) 1
2) 99<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mA meter (or milliammeter) measures the __<\/em><\/strong> in milliamperes.
Tube Current<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The mA meter is wired in the circuit between the and the <\/strong>.
1) Rectifier
2) X-Ray Tube<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The filament circuit (or mA control) regulates the number of __<\/em><\/strong> available at the filament to produce x-rays.
Electrons<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When electrons are boiled off of the filament, it is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Thermionic Emission<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The anode is the __<\/em><\/strong> electrode in the x-ray tube.
Positive<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cathode is the __<\/em><\/strong> electrode in the x-ray tube.
Negative<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An anode rotates anywhere from to<\/strong> rpm.
1) 3300
2) 10000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The target angle of the anode allows for a actual focal spot, while producing a<\/strong> effective focal spot. This effect is known as the __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Larger
2) Smaller
3) Line Focus Principle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The target angle may be to<\/strong> degrees, depending on the tube design.
1) 7
2) 20<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When electrons travel from the cathode to the anode, they travel at up to the speed of <\/strong>.
1) Half
2) Light<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When electrons strike the anode, the kinetic energy converts the electrons into and <\/strong>.
1) Heat
2) X-Rays<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When striking the anode, the electron conversion to heat is approximately __<\/em><\/strong>%.
99.8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When striking the anode, the electron conversion to x-rays is approximately __<\/em><\/strong>%.
0.2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> are a calculation of the total heat produced during an x-ray exposure.
Heat Units<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heat units for single-phase full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula:
kVp x mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heat units for three-phase, six-pulse full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula:
kVp x mAs x 1.35<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heat units for three-phase, twelve-pulse full-wave rectified equipment is calculated via this formula:
kVp x mAs x 1.41<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The x-ray tube for fluoroscopy is operated at to<\/strong> mA.
1) 3
2) 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp and mAs are automatically adjusted during fluoroscopy by a process known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Automatic Brightness Control (ABC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Automatic brightness control is also called or <\/strong>.
1) Automatic Brightness Stabilization
2) Automatic Gain Control<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> receives exit rays from the patient and converts then into visible light.
Input Phosphor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Visible light from the input phosphor strikes the __<\/em><\/strong>, which is a thin layer next to the input phosphor.
Photocathode<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The photocathode releases electrons in amounts __<\/em><\/strong> proportional to the visible light striking it.
Directly<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electrons from the photocathode are concentrated and directed toward the other end of the image-intensifier tube by a series of and by<\/strong> kVp applied through the tube.
1) Electrostatic Lenses (Focusing Lenses)
2) 25<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once electrons are propelled across the tube from the photocathode, they strike the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Output Phosphor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once the energy of the electrons hits the output phosphor, it is converted by the phosphor to in amounts<\/strong> to __<\/em><\/strong> times greater than the photocathode.
1) Visible Light
2) 50
3) 75<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The increase in brightness from the photocathode to the output phosphor is known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
Flux Gain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phosphor is smaller than the<\/strong> phosphor, resulting in an increase in brightness known as __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) Output
2) Input
3) Minification Gain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Total brightness gain is a product of gain and<\/strong> gain.
1) Minification
2) Flux<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Total brightness gain ranges from to <\/strong>, and decreases as the tube ages.
1) 5000
2) 20000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A complete program in a radiology department that addresses all aspects of quality, including customer service, image interpretation, accuracy of diagnosis, and distribution of radiologists’ reports is known as:
Quality Assurance<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A program that specifically addresses the safe and reliable operation of equipment is known as:
Quality Control<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A quality control program is required by __<\/em><\/strong>.
The Joint Commission<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collimation must be accurate to within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the source-to-image receptor distance.
2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The effective focal spot size should be within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the size stated in the equipment specifications.
50<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp must be accurate to within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the kVp indicated.
10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The exposure timer should be accurate to within __<\/em><\/strong>% of the time chosen for exposures over 10 ms.
5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adjacent mA stations should be accurate to within % of one another. This is known as <\/strong>.
1) 10
2) Exposure Linearity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radiation intensity of sequential exposures should not vary more than %. This is known as <\/strong>.
1) 5
2) Exposure Reproduceability<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fluoroscopy exposure rate should be tested with a digital dosimeter, and should not be more than________ per minute.
100 mGy\u1d43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CR plates should be erased at least every __<\/em><\/strong>.
48 Hours<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CR readers should be calibrated __<\/em><\/strong>.
Annually<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> comprises of systems for image acquisition, display, network and storage.
Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is a standard protocol used for blending PACS and various imaging modalities.
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> blends patient care information, reporting and billing.
Hospital Information System (HIS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is used for ordering procedures and reporting results.
Radiology Information System (RIS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is a comprehensive collection of patient information stored in a digital format that may be shared across networks. Data may include history, medications, allergies, test results and vital signs.
Electronic Medical Record (EMR)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sharpness of the structural edges recorded on the images is known as:
Spacial Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spacial resolution may be described as the __<\/em><\/strong> representation of the part being imaged.
Geometric<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The highest spacial resolution that can be recorded, and is controlled by pixel pitch, is known as:
Nyquist Frequency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The amount of radiation striking the image receptor is known as:
Receptor Exposure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measurement of the luminance of an area in a radiographic image displayed on a monitor is known as:
Brightness<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The visible difference between any two selected areas of brightness levels within the displayed radiographic images is known as:
Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The number of brightness levels (or shades of gray) visible on an image is linked to the bit depth of a system, and is known as:
Grayscale<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When slight differences between gray shades is present (low contrast) but the total number of gray shades is great, it is known as:
Long Scale Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When considerable or major differences between gray shades are present (high contrast), but the total number of gray shades is small, it is known as:
Short Scale Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contrast resolution is controlled by __<\/em><\/strong>, or the number of bits per pixel.
Bit Depth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With larger the bit depth, __<\/em><\/strong> levels of gray are possible in an image.
Greater<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The range of exposures that may be captured by a detector is known as:
Dynamic Range<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The range of exposures that produce quality images at appropriate patient dose is known as:
Exposure Latitude<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> exposure latitude makes for better visualization of soft tissues and bone.
Wide<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The magnitude of the signal difference in the remnant beam as a result of the different absorption characteristics of the tissues and structures making up that part is known as:
Subject Contrast<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A digital image is composed of rows and columns called a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Matrix<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The matrix size equals the total number of __<\/em><\/strong> in the image.
Pixels<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The __<\/em><\/strong> component of the martix is the pixel.
Smallest<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pixel stands for __<\/em><\/strong>.
Picture Element<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smaller pixels provide greater __<\/em><\/strong>.
Spacial Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Each pixel in the matrix corresponds to a shade of gray representing an area in the patient called a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Voxel<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voxel stands for __<\/em><\/strong>.
Volume Element<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The number of pixels per millimeter in the image is known as __<\/em><\/strong>, and is determined by pixel pitch.
Pixel Density<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The space from the center of one pixel to the center of an adjacent pixel is known as:
Pixel Pitch<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less space between pixels (pixel pitch) provides for greater __<\/em><\/strong>.
Spacial Resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A __<\/em><\/strong> is constructed to show the radiographer the distribution of pixel values (indicating low, proper, or high exposure).
Histogram<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Digital images may be printed onto film by using a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Laser Camera<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Resolution is __<\/em><\/strong> with DR than with CR because DR involves less conversion of the information.
Finer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changing the __<\/em><\/strong> adjusts the image brightness.
Window Level<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changing the __<\/em><\/strong> adjusts the image contrast.
Window Width<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A histogram of pixel values from image acquisition that can be used to correct or enhance luminance values is known as a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Look-Up Table (LUT)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> results in a grainy or noisy image.
Quantum Mottle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quantum mottle is caused by too x-ray photons hitting the image receptor, normally from too low of a <\/strong>.
1) Few
2) kVp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The comparison of the useful signal to the presence of noise is known as:
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The higher the signal-to-noise ratio, the __<\/em><\/strong> the image quality.
Higher<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The efficiency with witch the digital system converts an x-ray signal to a useful diagnostic image is known as:
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The smallest resolvable area on an image receptor is known as a __<\/em><\/strong>.
Detector Element (DEL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ability of a digital system to accurately record spacial frequencies is known as:
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The area of the imaging device that is used to acquire the useful image is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Detector Size<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ability to assign a value to each pixel corresponding to the gray shade determined by its bit depth is known as:
Quantization<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> controls the number of electrons passing from cathode to anode in the x-ray tube, and the quantity of x-rays produced at the anode.
mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mAs controls the amount of __<\/em><\/strong> exiting the x-ray tube.
Radiation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mAs __<\/em><\/strong> controls the number of x-ray photons that emerge from the patient, and ultimately the number of x-rays that strike the image receptor.
Directly<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> directly effects the energy or quality of the x-rays produced.
kVp<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp __<\/em><\/strong>, a greater potential difference exists between the cathode and the anode.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp potential difference __<\/em><\/strong>, the electrons from the cathode strike the anode in greater number and with greater energy.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp potential differences increase, the result is an increased level of -wavelength, <\/strong>-energy radiation.
1) Short
2) High<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp affects receptor exposure, although not in a directly<\/strong> relationship.
1) Directly
2) Proportional<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp increases, receptor exposure __<\/em><\/strong>.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp decreases, receptor exposure __<\/em><\/strong>.
Decreases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kVp determines the __<\/em><\/strong> ability of the x-ray beam.
Penetrating<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp is increased, wavelength __<\/em><\/strong>, and x-rays become more penetrating.
Decreases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As kVp is decreased, wavelength __<\/em><\/strong>, and x-rays become less penetrating.
Increases<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In increase in kVp of % will double the receptor exposure, while a decrease in kVp of <\/strong>% will halve the receptor exposure. This is known as the __<\/em><\/strong>.
1) 15
2) 15
3) 15% Rule<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of x-rays and the image receptor. This defines the:
Inverse Square Law<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inverse Square Law Formula:
I\u2081(D\u2081)\u00b2 = I\u2082(D\u2082)\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elongation (body part appears longer than normal) is caused by angulation along the __<\/em><\/strong> axis of the part being imaged.
Long<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foreshortening (body part appears shorter than normal) is caused by angulation against the __<\/em><\/strong> axis of the part being imaged.
Main<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grids are constructed of strips separated by<\/strong> interspacers.
1) Lead
2) Aluminum<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The height of the lead strips divided by the distance between the lead strips is known as:
Grid Ratio<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grid Ratio Formula:
H\/D<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The number of lead strips in a grid per inch (or centimeter) is known as:
Grid Frequency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measure of the ability of a grid to increase contrast is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Contrast Improvement Factor<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ratio of primary radiation transmitted through the grid to secondary radiation transmitted through the grid is the __<\/em><\/strong>.
Grid Selectivity<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grid conversion factor (GCF) is the amount of exposure necessary to compensate for the<\/strong> of image-forming x-rays and scatter in the cleanup process.
1) Increase
2) Absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grid conversion factor is also known as:
Bucky Factor Value<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How do you calculate the new mAs required for a specific grid using the grid conversion factor?
GCF of selected grid times the current mAs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
What is the grid conversion factor for a 5:1 grid?
2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the grid conversion factor for a 8:1 grid?
4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the grid conversion factor for a 12:1 grid?
5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the grid conversion factor for a 16:1 grid?
6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When normal density appears in the middle of a radiograph with decreased density on the sides, this is likely a result of:
Grid Upside Down<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When image-forming x-rays are absorbed all across the radiographic field, with cutoff (decreased density) visible over the entire radiograph, this is a result of:
Grid Off-Level<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the central ray does not strike the grid in the center, and there is visible cutoff more to one side of the radiograph than the other, the cause is:
Lateral Decentering<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When there is normal density in the middle of the radiograph, with cutoff visible on the sides, the cause is likely to be:
Grid-Focus Decentering<\/p>\n\n\n\n

__<\/em><\/strong> is the distance at which focused grids may be used.
Grid Focus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Focus range is __<\/em><\/strong> for low-ratio grids.
Wide<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Focus range is __<\/em><\/strong> for high-ratio grids.
Narrow<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Generally, grids are used when the body part being imaged is cm thick or greater, or when more than<\/strong> kVp is used.
1) 10
2) 60<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What type of build is massive, represents 5% of the population, has a broad and deep thorax, high diaphragm, high colon, and a stomach and gallbladder that are high and horizontal?
Hypersthenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What body type is a slight modification of hypersthenic, is the most common body habitus, and is present in 50% of the population?
Sthenic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What body type is between asthenic and sthenic and is present in 35% of the population?
Hyposthenic<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Study guide for the ARRT exam in radiography.Anatomy and positioning are not covered in this study guide. What is a tort?A violation of civil law. Torts are also known as __.Personal Injury Law If a patient is apprehensive about being injured, or a radiographer causes fear in the patient, it is known as __.Assault Unlawful […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-109717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109717"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109717\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}