{"id":110084,"date":"2023-07-25T22:53:46","date_gmt":"2023-07-25T22:53:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=110084"},"modified":"2023-07-25T22:53:49","modified_gmt":"2023-07-25T22:53:49","slug":"exam-1-pathophysiology-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/07\/25\/exam-1-pathophysiology-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Exam 1 Pathophysiology Notes: Modules 1, 2, &#038; 3 ALL ANSWERS 100%CORRECT FALL-2021 SOLUTION AID GRADEA+"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Module 1<br>Chapter 2: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors<br>Homeostasis &amp; Allostasis<br>Homeostasis:<br>\u2756 Remaining stable while staying the same<br>\u2756 A state in which all systems are in balance<br>\u2756 A state of equilibrium<br>\u2756 An ideal \u201cset point\u201d despite alterations within the body<br>Allostasis:<br>\u2756 Ability to successfully adapt to challenges<br>\u2756 Intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain<br>\u2756 A dynamic processthat maintains or re-establishes homeostasisin light of environmental<br>and lifestyle changes<br>Stress As A Concept<br>\u2756 Physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body or mind<br>\u2756 Actual physical and mental state that tension produces<br>\u2756 Real or perceived threat to homeostasis<br>\u2756 Direct consciously or indirect unconsciously sensed threat to the stability of the organism<br>\u2756 Physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body or mind<br>\u2756 Actual physical and mental state that tension produces<br>\u2756 Real or perceived threat to homeostasis<br>\u2756 Direct consciously or indirect unconsciously sensed threat to the stability of the organism<br>General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) (Selye)<br>\u2756 Three stages: Alarm, resistance\/adaption, and exhaustion<br>\u27a2 Alarm stage: fight-or-flight response asthe result of stressfulstimulus<br>\u25aa Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis<br>\u27a2 Resistance\/adaptation: activity of the nervous and endocrine systemsin returning the<br>body to homeostasis<br>\u25aa Allostatic state: activity of varioussystems attempting to restore homeostasis<br>\u27a2 Exhaustion: point where body can no longer return to homeostasis<br>\u25aa Allostatic overload: \u201ccost\u201d of body\u2019s organs and tissues for an excessive or<br>ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of \u201cwear and tear\u201d on the body<br>P. 16<br>Fig. 2-2;<br>P. 15<br>1 \/ 2<br>\u2756 Stressors<br>\u27a2 Agents or conditions that can produce stress; endanger homeostasis<br>\u25aa May be external or internal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>External examples: school, work, life event (wedding)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal examples: cancer, child birth\/pregnancy<br>\u25aa Physical, chemical, biological, social, cultural or psychological<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Physical: hand injury<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social: standing in front of a class<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cultural: acceptance\/ability to practice<br>\u25aa Vary in scope, intensity, and duration<br>\u25aa Reactionsto stress vary depending upon genetic constitution, gender, past<br>experiences, cultural influences, developmental stage, and age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Past experience: a child afraid of a playground b\/c he was previously abused<br>there<br>\u25aa Can include both negatively and positively perceived events<br>\u27a2 Risk Factors: Not stressors, but conditions or situationsthat increase the likelihood of<br>encountering a stressor; there is some control over our stressors<br>\u2756 Neurohormonal Mediators of Stress &amp; Adaption<br>\u27a2 Catecholamines<br>\u25aa Play an integral role in allostasis<br>\u25aa Symphathico-adrenalsystem response mediatesthe fight or flight response<br>\u25aa Examples: Norepinephrine and epinephrine<br>\u27a2 Norepinephrine<br>\u25aa Constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure<br>\u25aa Reduces gastric secretions<br>\u27a2 Epinephrine<br>\u25aa Enhances myocardial contractibility, increases heart rate, and increases cardiac<br>output<br>\u25aa Causes bronchodilation<br>\u25aa Increase the release of glucose from the liver (glycogenolysis) and elevates blood<br>glucose levels<br>\u27a2 Adrenocortical Steroids<br>\u25aa Critical to maintenance of homeostasis<br>\u25aa May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examples: Cortisol and aldosterone<br>\u25aa Cortisol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Primary glucocorticoid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Affects protein metabolism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Had anti-inflammatory effects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Too much cortisol over time can lead to pro-inflammatory effects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Module 1Chapter 2: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to StressorsHomeostasis &amp; AllostasisHomeostasis:\u2756 Remaining stable while staying the same\u2756 A state in which all systems are in balance\u2756 A state of equilibrium\u2756 An ideal \u201cset point\u201d despite alterations within the bodyAllostasis:\u2756 Ability to successfully adapt to challenges\u2756 Intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain\u2756 A dynamic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-110084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110084","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=110084"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110084\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=110084"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=110084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}