First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user.
Evolution of Users<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sends files over the network at the request of clients. Responds over LAN, within one location\/site. Support both application software and data files.
FILE SERVER<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turns a user-friendly domain name, like Google.com, into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like ((( 70.42.251.42 ))) that computers use to identify each other on the network.
Domain Name Server (DNS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uses TWO KEYS a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption
Public Key Encryption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PROVING you are who you say you are which can be done by: what you know, what you have!
Authentication<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TIER WHERE THE USER interface for the system is developed; SHIELDS THE USER from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures
Presentation Tier<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT Steps 1. System Conversion 2. Final Documentation 3. End User Training
System Deployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CONNECTS MULTIPLES networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with APPROPRIATE IP ADDRESS
ROUTER<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Requires that data is KEPT secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users
Confidentiality<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Protecting EVERY LAYER that SURROUNDS ((( DATA )))
Defense in Depth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Can take on DIFFERENT FORMS depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is AN ACTUAL OBJECT that is an ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION of the application
THE MODEL<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension
Slicing Data<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible.
Information Technology<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In charge of all aspects of the COMPUTER NETWORKS
Network Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Focuses on the design, development, and support of DATABASE MANAGEMENT systems (DBMSs).
Database Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs
Web Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Processed data.
Information<\/p>\n\n\n\n
INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PUT TO USE information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.
Knowledge in DIKW<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Provides a social setting to knowledge; AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ((( WHY ))) Can only come by having BOTH KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE
WISDOM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The INPUT Processing, OUTPUT, STORAGE Cycle
I.P.O.S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Raw data is organized or structured for usefulness.
PROCESSED DATA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Information is output so user can see results.
OUTPUT DATA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Processed information is stored for permanent record.
STORAGE<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically : CATEGORIZED AS EITHER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS AND USERS
COMPUTER SYSTEM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF THE COMPUTER
HARDWARE<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A collection of computers and resources CONNECTED by various media so that they can COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.
NETWORK<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Systems Software and Applications Software
SOFTWARE CATEGORIES<\/p>\n\n\n\n
RULES provided by WHICH NETWORKS communicate with each other
IP PROTOCOL<\/p>\n\n\n\n
STORES the programs BEING EXECUTED and the data they are using.
COMPUTER MEMORY<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Controls THE SPEED at which instructions are processed.
SYSTEM CLOCK<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer. IT IS VOLATILE (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power).
RAM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers
2nd Generation of Computers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Silicon chips (known as ICs – integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals
3rd Generation of Computers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time
Low-level Language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise LOW LEVEL instructions
Assembly Language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Function is to TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer
Language Translator Programs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if\/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements
Structured Programming<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A type of programming language for which most of its implementations EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS DIRECTLY AND FREELY, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.
Interpreted Language (Code)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file
Shell Scripting<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The computer that the user is using; physically present with
Local Computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Connects computers to each other with NO REAL UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS BEING TRANSFERRED Used for private networks with local computers.
Network Hub<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Like a hub, but this will only send data that is INTENDED FOR SPECIFIC COMPUTER
Network Switch<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable
Wireless Access Point<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers
Client-server Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts). Responds from anywhere on the Internet.
Web Server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Monitors print jobs
Print Server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Like web server or file server in that REQUEST ARE FILES and RESPONDED ARE THE FILES data delivered between client and server.
FTP Server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Devices connected along a SINGLE CABLE Size of network is restricted
Bus Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Each device is connected to a CENTRAL DEVICE such as a hub or switch.
Star Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Each device is connected DIRECTLY TO ITS NEIGHBOR and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached.
Ring Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network.
Mesh Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Identifies the server on which the web page can be found
Domain Name<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Always ends with a period and a THREE or TWO LETTER EXTENSION which signifies the TYPE of organization or country associated with the page
TLD (Top Level Domain) Name Exam: www.yourname.com .edu .net . gov .org<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server
Resource\/ Filename ID<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
CIA<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1st – Must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data 2nd – Must be entered into the system accurately 3rd – Data modification must be tracked
Data Integrity Efforts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company’s website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database
SQL Injection<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code
Buffer Overflow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Informs companies of potential problems with software HACK ATTACKS so companies can fix the problems.
White Hat Hacker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Individuals with MALICIOUS INTENT WHO VIOLATE SECURITY in order to commit crimes or acts of terrorism
Black Hat Hacker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Engage in BOTH WHITE and BLACK hat types of hacking activities
Grey Hat Hacker<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Type of virus that completely replaces an existing application and takes the name of the taken over file
Trojan Horse<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware
Anti-virus Software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline
Data Redundancy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption
Symmetric Key Encryption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access
Role-based Access Control<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Consists of programs that END USERS RUN to accomplish tasks
Application Software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Consists of programs that MAKE UP THE OS software that directly supports the computer system itself
System Software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Works with hardware to provide a NETWORK SERVICE
Server Software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A LAN that uses the Internet Protocol
Intranet<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.
Kernel<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel.
Shell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Administration and Support
IT Professional Roles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming.
System Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions.
Security Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Help desk and training.
Support IT Professionals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom)
DIKW Hierarchy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.
Data in DIKW<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form.
Information in DIKW<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers.
Information Systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n
RELEVANCE – the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made TIMELY – data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner THOROUGH – the data must be complete ACCURATE – data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible. RELIABLE – data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time
Characteristics of Quality Data<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Raw data is entered BY THE USER
Input<\/p>\n\n\n\n
COMPUTER PROGRAMS that tell the computer what to do–how to execute commands and process information
Software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet.
TCP\/IP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A collection of protocols. TCP\/IP is an example.
Protocol Stack<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices
Components of a Computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Executes programs’ instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the “chip”.
CPU<\/p>\n\n\n\n
All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used.
i\/o Subsystem<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components
System Bus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.
System Unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots\/Cards
Internal Components of the System Unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Control Unit (CU) – retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen
Parts of the CPU<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – typically called main memory Static RAM (SRAM) – cache memory and registers
Types of RAM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BIOS stands for: Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard. Is software NOT hardware, (“basic” operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on). Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Can’t choose the amount or contents.
BIOS ROM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language
1st Generation of Computers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use
4th Generation of Computers 1971 – 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 – 24 months (exponential increase)
Moore’s Law<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage
Evolution of Storage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more efficient
Compiler<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Characterized by the creation of windowed operating systems, easier real-world object modeling in programming code, and the application of inheritance in program code.
Object Oriented Programming<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A computer being accessed over the network
Remote Computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be established before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone
Circuit Switched Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A message’s pathway is only established as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic
Packet Switched Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Creates and maintains client network connections to remote servers
Workstations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers; allows a user to run software for different OS platform in their computer that would not otherwise be able to run that software; this allows multiple users on a network to access the software to support collaboration.
Virtual Machine (VM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Responds to queries by pulling from the database. Typically only to local clients.
Database Server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Two email servers communicate with each other
Mail Server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between
Point-to-Point Network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Protocol, Domain name, Resource\/Filename
Parts of URL (Uniform Resource Locator)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Requires that data is correct
Integrity<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Requires that information is available when needed
Availability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Public – available through public sources; includes names and addresses Sensitive – not considered a threat to a person’s privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses Private – information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers Confidential – information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans
Information Security Classifications<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information
Phishing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn’t encrypted
Packet Sniffing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks
Worm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information
Encryption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user.
Evolution of Users<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sends files over the network at the request of clients. Responds over LAN, within one location\/site. Support both application software and data files.
FILE SERVER<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turns a user-friendly domain name, like Google.com, into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like ((( 70.42.251.42 ))) that computers use to identify each other on the network.
Domain Name Server (DNS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uses TWO KEYS a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption
Public Key Encryption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PROVING you are who you say you are which can be done by: what you know, what you have.
Authentication<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TIER WHERE THE USER interface for the system is developed; SHIELDS THE USER from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures.
Presentation tier<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT Steps 1. System Conversion 2. Final Documentation 3. End User Training
System Deployment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CONNECTS MULTIPLES networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with APPROPRIATE IP ADDRESS
Router<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Requires that data is KEPT secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users
Confidentiality<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Protecting EVERY LAYER that SURROUNDS ((( DATA )))
Defense in Depth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Can take on DIFFERENT FORMS depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is AN ACTUAL OBJECT that is an ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION of the application
The model<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension
Slicing data<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible
Information Technology<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In charge of all aspects of the COMPUTER NETWORKS
Network Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Focuses on the design, development, and support of DATABASE MANAGEMENT systems (DBMSs).
Database Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs.
Web Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
processed data
Information<\/p>\n\n\n\n
INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PUT TO USE information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.
Knowledge in DIKW<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Provides a social setting to knowledge; AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ((( WHY ))) Can only come by having BOTH KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE
Wisdom<\/p>\n\n\n\n
IPOS
The INPUT Processing, OUTPUT, STORAGE Cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Processed data
Raw data that is organized and structured for usefulness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
output data
An information processing activity that retrieves, formats, and distributes data to users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Storage
Processed information is stored for permanent record.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Computer System
A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically : CATEGORIZED AS EITHER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS AND USERS<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hardware
Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF THE COMPUTER<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Network
A collection of computers and resources CONNECTED by various media so that they can COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Software Categories
Systems Software and Applications Software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
IP Protocol
RULES provided by WHICH NETWORKS communicate with each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
computer memory
STORES the programs BEING EXECUTED and the data they are using.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
system clock
Controls THE SPEED at which instructions are processed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
RAM
Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer. IT IS VOLATILE (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Second generation computers
Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Third generation computers
Silicon chips (known as ICs – integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
low-level language
Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Assembly Language
Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise LOW LEVEL instructions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Language Translator Programs
Function is to TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Structured Programming
Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if\/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Interpreted Language
A type of programming language for which most of its implementations EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS DIRECTLY AND FREELY, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shell Scripting
Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Local Computer
The computer that the user is using; physically present with<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Network Hub
Connects computers to each other with NO REAL UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS BEING TRANSFERRED Used for private networks with local computers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Network Switch
Like a hub, but this will only send data that is intended for a specific computer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
WAP (Wireless Access Point)
Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable<\/p>\n\n\n\n
client\/server network
Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Web Server
Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts). Responds from anywhere on the Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
print server
Monitors print jobs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ftp (file transfer protocol) server
Like web server or file server in that REQUEST ARE FILES and RESPONDED ARE THE FILES data delivered between client and server.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bus Network
consists of a single central cable, to which all computers and other devices connect<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Star Network
Each device is connected to a central device such as a hub or switch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ring Network
Each device is connected directly to its neighbors, and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mesh Network
Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Domain Name
Identifies the server on which the web page can be found<\/p>\n\n\n\n
top-level domain
Always ends with a period and a THREE or TWO LETTER EXTENSION which signifies the TYPE of organization or country associated with the page<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Resource\/Filename ID
Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CIA
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Risk Management and Strategic Risk Analysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SQL Injection
An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company’s website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Buffer Overflow
Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code<\/p>\n\n\n\n
white hat hackers
work at the request of the system owners to find system vulnerabilities and plug the holes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
black hat hackers
breaking the systems to destroy information or for illegal gain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
grey hat hackers
A cross between black and white\u2014they will often illegally break into systems merely to flaunt their expertise to the administrator of the system they penetrated or to attempt to sell their services in repairing security breaches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trojan Horse
a program designed to breach the security of a computer system while ostensibly performing some innocuous function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
anti-virus software
Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware<\/p>\n\n\n\n
data redundancy
Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symmetric Key Encryption
Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Computer Network Advantages<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Application Software
Consists of programs that END USERS RUN to accomplish tasks<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Systems software
Consists of programs that MAKE UP THE OS software that directly supports the computer system itself<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Server Software
Works with hardware to provide a NETWORK SERVICE<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Intranet
a network designed for the exclusive use of computer users within an organization that cannot be accessed by users outside the organization<\/p>\n\n\n\n
kernel
Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shell
An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
IT Professional Roles
Administration and Support<\/p>\n\n\n\n
System Administrator
Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Security Administrator
Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Support IT Professionals
Help desk and training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DIKW Hierarchy
Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Data in DIKW
The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Information in DIKW
Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Information Systems
A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Characteristics of Quality Data
RELEVANCE – the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made TIMELY – data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner THOROUGH – the data must be complete ACCURATE – data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible. RELIABLE – data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Input
Raw data is entered BY THE USER<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Software
COMPUTER PROGRAMS that tell the computer what to do–how to execute commands and process information<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TCP\/IP
Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
protocol stack
A collection of protocols. TCP\/IP is an example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Components of a Computer
CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CPU
Executes programs’ instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the “chip”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
System bus
Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components<\/p>\n\n\n\n
System unit
Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Internal components of software unit
Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots\/Cards<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parts of the CPU
Control Unit (CU) – retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Types of RAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – typically called main memory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Static RAM (SRAM) – cache memory and registers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BIOS ROM
BIOS stands for: Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard. Is software NOT hardware, (“basic” operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on). Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Can’t choose the amount or contents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
First generation computers
Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fourth generation computers
Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Moore’s Law
Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 – 24 months (exponential increase)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Evolution of Storage
Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Compiler
Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more efficient<\/p>\n\n\n\n
object-oriented programming
Characterized by the creation of windowed operating systems, easier real-world object modeling in programming code, and the application of inheritance in program code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Remote Computer
A computer being accessed over the network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Circuit Switched Network
Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be established before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Packet Switched Network
A message’s pathway is only established as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
virtual machine (VM)
Software that simulates the hardware of a physical computer, creating one or more logical machines within one physical machine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Server
Computers that have greater hard disk storage, faster response time and are used to respond to request from other computers on the network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
database server
Responds to queries by pulling from the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Typically only to local clients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mail server
Two email servers communicate with each other<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Point-to-Point Network
Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parts of URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Protocol, Domain name, Resource\/Filename<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Integrity
Requires that data is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Availability
Requires that information is available when needed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Information security classifications
Public – available through public sources; includes names and addresses Sensitive – not considered a threat to a person’s privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses Private – information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers Confidential – information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phishing
Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Packet Sniffing
Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn’t encrypted<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Worm
Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Encryption
Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the definition of information technology?
It is the technology used to create, maintain, and make information accessible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which IT position has the responsibillity of working with routers and switches?
Network Administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In which generation were silicon chips first used in computers?
Third generation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which low-level language corresponds one to one with assembly?
machine language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What allows an organization to use software through the internet?
Saas or Software as a Service<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is one of IT’s role in golobalization?
It allows companies to reach a wider customer base.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which category of computer has an external flat screen monitor, optical disk drive, and a large capacity hard drive?
Desktop<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which two software application packages would be classified as productivity software?
Spreadsheet program and word processor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which two computer peripherals are connected to the computer through a port?
External microphone and USB flash drive<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which term is defined as a collection of information used to support management of an organization?
Information system<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A website logs the timestamp, location, and browser of every visitor. It then aggregates this content into peak traffic times and days,minimum and maximum hits for each country and region, and popularity of certain browsers among visitors. What is the timestamp considered in this scenerio?
Data<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a dept manager is creating a budget estimate for the upcoming year. The manager would like to determine whether the data will be available when the decision for the next year have to be made. Which characteristic of valuable data is the manager considering?
Reliable<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which two are parts of an information system?
Databases and Networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the difference between processing and storage?
Processing involves temporary information, while storage involves permenant information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of information processing allows input data to be accepted as a set of records and processed as a unit?
Batch processing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the role of the systems administrator?
To install and maintain network resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which action would be important for the IT department to take in order to help their business meet the goal of increased expansion?
Expanding the infrasturcture to support additional locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What step should be taken by a business when a third-party solution is found that will benefit a project?
Contact the group to arrange a demo of their product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which risk assessment question is part of the initiation phase?
Could the end users reject the outcome of the project?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In what phase of a project does time estimation occur?
Planning<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What effect does scope creep have on a project?
It increases unplanned costs for the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which system requirement is an example of considering user needs in the design of an information system?
Allowing easy access to customer account information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which type of systems testing includes having the customer test the system in an operational setting to see if it is useful?
User Acceptance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which type of systems conversion involves starting the conversion with a portion of end users?
Pilot<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are two necessary elements of business continutiy planning?
Identifying risks that may occur<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Assessing key organizational activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which disaster recovery strategy is used to save information to multiple hard drives at the same time?
Data mirrorring<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which action would support confidentiality?
Updating security software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which regulation governs the actions of a company in case of data records being compromised, lost, or stolen?
Security Breach Notification laws<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How can an organization assist employees with the ethical use of information technology?
By developing policies for information usage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is part of the role of an It professional assocation?
Provides professional standards for ethical behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Engages in best practices for information systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is outside of the rold of an IT professional assocation?
Writes laws dealing with information technology<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which benefit is provided by a computer network in a business?
Cost for hardware resources are decreased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing mutiple computers.
virtual machines<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Each computer is roughly equal to every other computer.
Peer-to-peer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
One computer will request information from another computer, which responds with requested information.
Client-server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Allows the user to control the actions of the software and through the software, to access hardware.
The operating system<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which action by application programs requires support from an operating system?
An internet browser displays a web page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is true about the Linux operating system?
Linux runs on both servers and workstations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which characteristic identifies application sotware that is cloud based?
provided by third party providers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of software permits free temporary use followed by long term activation for a fee?
Shareware<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the purpose of the End User License Agreement for a commercial software package?
Establishes the customer’s right tot use the software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the difference between proprietary and open-source software license?
Proprietary software has a cost whereas open-source software is free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which two components are parts of a central processing unit?
Control Unit (CU)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arithmetic logic unit (AlU)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An employee needs to edit a contract and prepare a hard copy for a project team. Which two peripheral devices should be used?
printer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
monitor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which motherboard component helps cool the cpu?
heat sink<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which item is a storage device?
flash drive<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In which type of network topology is each networked device directly connectd to every other networked device?
Mesh<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which communication medium is typically used when sending data transmissions over very long distances?
Radio signals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What indicates a specific internet location?
The ip address<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Translates human readable aliases into IP addresses
domain name system (DNS)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which part of a Uniform Resource Locator identifies the location of the document on the server?
Resource path id<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which goal of information Assurance (IA) requires that information is accessible when needed?
Availability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which technique uses all possible combination of letters and numbers to crack a password?
brute force<\/p>\n\n\n\n
which is a characterisc of high level languages?
language translator programs are required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
how does a compiler work?
It requires the components of the software to be defined from the onset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On which tier of the n tier architecture model are user interfaces developed?
presentation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which component facilitates communication between the other two components in the MVC architecture model?
controller<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the difference between a compiled and interpreted computer language?
compiler translates an entire program into executable progam which can be run at a later time, while the interpreter does this incrementally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which two languages have traditionally been used for automation rather than software development?
TCL and Python because they are scripting languages<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which is true of databases and the application that interact with them?
Applications are interdependent with the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is another term for a formula that outlines how to execute a task?
Algorithm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the role of drivers in facilitating communication between application and databases?
They allow the ODBC to be used for interactions with the database and applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which sql clause is used to inform the database management system which table should be interrograted by the query?
FROM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which data type is used to represent product order code that comprises alphanumeric characters?
String data<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why is it important to ensure that data support business goals?
To aid in making strategic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In which category of the DIKW hierarchy would business intelligence be located?
Knowledge<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which field must contain a unique value in order for a relational database table to function?
primary key<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the three main categories of databases?
Flat file, relational, and hierarchal<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the database administrators role in security?
To institute protocols to protect the databases from external threats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A single chip process developed in 1974 by IBM
microprocessor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Over the years, the number of transisters that can be placed on a chip has increased by how much?
By orders of maginitude rather than linearly<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the phenomenon observed that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every year and will continue for at least the next ten years?
Moore’s law<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How long has Moore’s law continued to be a trend?
from 1965 to the present<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is moore’s law an observation or a physical law?
observation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The fetch-execute cycle is performed in an overlapped fashion on several instructions.
pipelines cpu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a programming language that is a lengthy list of 1s and 0s.
machine language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An early language translator that would translate an assembly program into machine language.
assemblers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Language that consists of English words, mathematical notation, and familiar syntax such as a semicolon used to end statements.
high level language<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What was the operation system called in the early 1960s?
a resident monitor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which statement allowed the programmer to transfer control from any location in a progam to anywhere else in the program?
GOTO<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does the GOTO statement create?
spaghetti code<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What replaced the GOTO statement with high level control constructs such as while loops, and if-else statements, and is not allowed to use the GOTO statement?
structured programming<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A stand alone entity that would be programmed to handle its own internal methods as well as messages received from other objects.
An object<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the main difference between a compiled language and an interpreted language?
An interpreted language runs inside of a special environment called the interpreter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
When a programmer enters a command, what converts that command to machine language and executes it?
the interpreter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
perl, php, ruby, python, and asp are interpreted languages that are also what other type of language?
scripting languages<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Relies on a session and allows you to test out an idea because they are executed as they’re written.
interpreter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Requires that the componenets of the software all be defined from the onset and is considered to have more efficient code.
compiler<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What generation used vacuum tubes in computers?
first generation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What generation of computers began to use transistors?
second<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what generation of computers introduced the silicon chip?
third<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what type of computer still uses silicon chips?
tablet<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What generation of computers introduced operating systems?
third<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do integrated circuits need to function?
silicon chip<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a location beacon that uses bluetooth technology and can be embedded in any location aware mobile device.
iBeacons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The myriad of types of devices that can and will be connected to the internet in the next few years.
the internet of things (IoT)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does RFID stand for?
Radio frequency identification device<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Refers to data sets that are so large and complex that they will require more advanced database management\/processing tools than we currently use.
big data<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what cloud service provides access and use of software to businesses through the internet?
Saas or software as a service<\/p>\n\n\n\n
which form of cloud computing enables teams of developers to quickly and reliably develop and deliver applications by accessing the same environment in real-time.
Paas or Platform as a Service<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which cloud service provides all the resources (servers, data storage) tha an IT dept needs ouside of the org making them accessible by anyone, anywhere
IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reduced costs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Increased speed of development of projects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The ability to quickly and easily scale operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Less reliance on internal IT expertise.
Benefits of cloud computing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the risks of cloud computing?
Org becomes dependent on the reliability and performance of a third party vendor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Adverse effects on internal IT employees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Could raise concerns about data ownership and compliance issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Possible breach in security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the main components in a computer?
CPU<\/p>\n\n\n\n
memory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
input\/output (i\/o) system<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what does ipos stand for?
input, process, output, storage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Includes all peripheral devices for input, output, storage and network.
i\/o subsystem<\/p>\n\n\n\n
consists of long term storage devices
disk drives<\/p>\n\n\n\n
tapes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The device that permits information to move between each component.
The bus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Also known as the chassis or cabinet.
The case of a computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The circuitry and electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components.
the bus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the printed circuit board that houses the cpu, memory chips, and expansion cards in any computer.
the motherboard<\/p>\n\n\n\n
also referred to as “the chip”
CPU<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Retrieves instructions and raw data (input) and manages the transmission of the instructions and data to the alu.
Control unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Completes mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data, converting the input of keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen.
arithmetic logic unit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
controls the speed at which instructions are processed.
The system clock<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the measurement unit used to identify clock speed on today’s computers?
GHz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does BIOS stand for
Basic input output system<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The basic operating system that runs when a computer is first turned on. It runs test of memory and the cpu,and initilizes hardware components so that the actual Operating system can be loaded from the hard disk.
BIOS ROM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer.
RAM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Volitile memory that disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power.
RAM<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Houses CDs and DVDs, typically located on the front of the system unit for easy access.
bays<\/p>\n\n\n\n
can insert modem cards, wireless access cards, and other PC cards such as camera cards
slots<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Can connect additional input, output, storage, and communication devices
ports<\/p>\n\n\n\n
computer that has the least amount of performance
handheld<\/p>\n\n\n\n
computer that has the mid amount of performance capability
laptop<\/p>\n\n\n\n
computer with the most amount of performance capability
desktop<\/p>\n\n\n\n
consists of programs that end users run to accomplish tasks. An example of a type of this software includes the email client, web browser, and ftop client
application software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
consists of applications that are usefule to everyone such as word processor, presentation software, spreadsheet program, database mgmt systems, calendar program, address book, and data organizer.
productivity software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
software more specific towards artists and graphic designers
drawing software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
also referred to as horizontal software
productivity software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Software used by select groups with an organization or to a specific discipline such as music sequencers, samplers, and digital recorders for muscians.
vertical software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
progams that make up the operating system and directly supports the computer system itself.
system software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pieces of the operating system that run in the background all of the time
daemons or services<\/p>\n\n\n\n
works with hardware to provide a network service, types of software includes web servers, email servers, and database servers
server software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
software stored on an individual computer
local application<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the ability to have computation anywhere at any time
ubiquitous computing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Android, Chrom, and iOS are common operating systems for which type of computer?
mobile devices<\/p>\n\n\n\n
dedicated computers within a network whose function is to respond to network requests and provide a network service
server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
loaded when the computer is first booted, included components that handle process mgmt, resource mgmt, and memory mgmt
kernel<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sits on top of the hardware and is the interface between hardware and software
the kernel<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a piece of the operating system that provides specific interfaces between the OS running a computer and hardware.
device drivers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
an interface for the user that provides access to the kernel
the shell<\/p>\n\n\n\n
programs that allow the user to monitor and improve system performance
system utilities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sometimes referred to as root or superuser
administrator account<\/p>\n\n\n\n
hat is the role of a web server
to respond to HTTP requests<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does http stand for?
hypertext transfer protocol<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Used in an organization to act as a giant cache of web pages that anyone in the organization has recently retrieved.
proxy server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what type of server has the capability of blocking specific servers and rejecting responses that contain certain content?
proxy server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
permits database access across a network. Performs tasks such as data analysis, data manipulation, security, and archiving.
database server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
like a web server, this server host files and allows clients to access those files. However, it instead provides access in the form of uploading and downloading files.
ftp server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a computer with a large hard disk storing files that any or many users of the network may wish to access.
file server<\/p>\n\n\n\n
data that has been processed
information<\/p>\n\n\n\n
in the dikw, what is data?
data is the input directly received by human or computer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
in dikw, what is information?
information is inferred from data, meaning that one or many processes have been applied to the data to tranform it into a more useful form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
in dikw, what is knowledge?
refined information that hte user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
in dikw, what is wisdom?
having both knowledge and experience<\/p>\n\n\n\n
which characteristic of quality data requires data being used to be applied directly to the decision being made.
relevance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
characateristic of quality data where data is provided efficiently and on time so that companies can utilize it in their business.
timely<\/p>\n\n\n\n
characteristic of quality data whereas data must be complete and not contain errors or lapses of data.
thorough<\/p>\n\n\n\n
characteristic of quality data whereas data is captured once only, where possible, and captured as close to the point of activity as possible.
accurate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
characteristic of quality data whereas data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collection points and over time, whether using manual or computer based systems or a combination.
reliable<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What four operations does a computer perform?
input<\/p>\n\n\n\n
processing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Output<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Storgage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The physical components of a computer
hardware<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the programs and other operating information used by the computer
software<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a collection of computers and resources connected by various media so they can communicate with each other.
network<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The people who use the computer system
users<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A set of rules established to govern how people behave and interact with each other
a protocol<\/p>\n\n\n\n
a requirment of all computers to communicate over the internet
transmission control protocol\/ internet protocol or TCP\/IP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A collection of protocols that is sometimes referred to as a protocol stack
tcp\/ip<\/p>\n\n\n\n
commercial software purchased from a vendor
proprietary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
proprietary software produced by a company that commercially markets software
software house<\/p>\n\n\n\n
software free from purchase, but not necessarily free in how you use it.
freeware<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what types of software is ususally software that has become obsolete because a new software has replaced it, or is software that the original producer no longer wants to maintain and provide support for?
freeware<\/p>\n\n\n\n
public domain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
software that has been moved into the public domain and are made available as executables.
public domain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
software created in the open source community and made freely available as source code
open source<\/p>\n\n\n\n
protects an original work, but no the ideas behind the work
copyright<\/p>\n\n\n\n
excluse right to make copies, prepare derivative works, and distribute copies of the work for the duration of the author’s life plus 70 years.
copyright<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the definition of information technology?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n It is the technology used to create, maintain, and make information accessible.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which IT position has the responsibillity of working with routers and switches?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Network Administrator<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n In which generation were silicon chips first used in computers?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Third generation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which low-level language corresponds one to one with assembly?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n machine language<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What allows an organization to use software through the internet?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Saas or Software as a Service<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is one of IT’s role in golobalization?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n It allows companies to reach a wider customer base.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which category of computer has an external flat screen monitor, optical disk drive, and a large capacity hard drive?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Desktop<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which two software application packages would be classified as productivity software?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Spreadsheet program and word processor<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which two computer peripherals are connected to the computer through a port?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n External microphone and USB flash drive<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which term is defined as a collection of information used to support management of an organization?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Information system<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A website logs the timestamp, location, and browser of every visitor. It then aggregates this content into peak traffic times and days,minimum and maximum hits for each country and region, and popularity of certain browsers among visitors. What is the timestamp considered in this scenerio?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A dept. manager is creating a budget estimate for the upcoming year. The manager would like to determine whether the data will be available when the decision for the next year have to be made. Which characteristic of valuable data is the manager considering?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Timely<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which two are parts of an information system?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Databases and Networks.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is the difference between processing and storage?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Processing collects and translates data into useful information, while storage places the translated data in specific locations.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which is a benefit of multiple interconnected computers (distributed) versus mainframes or large computers?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Costs for hardware resources are decreased<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Virtual machines<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Each computer is roughly equal to every other computer.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Peer-to-peer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n One computer will request information from another computer, which responds with requested information.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Client-server<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Allows the user to control the actions of the software, and through the software, to access hardware.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Operating System<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which action by application programs requires support from a networked operating system?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n An Internet browser displays a web page.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The chief information officer wants to update the network server to improve Internet access while also blocking certain social media websites. What type of server will meet this need?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Proxy server<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which characteristic identifies application software that is cloud-based?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Provided by third-party providers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What type of software permits free temporary use followed by long-term activation for a fee?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Shareware<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is the purpose of an End User License Agreement for a commercial software package?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Establishes the customer’s right to use the software.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is the difference between proprietary and open-source software license?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Proprietary software has a cost whereas open-source software is free.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What gives the author of a software package the ability to prevent unauthorized duplication for at least 35 years?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A copyright<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which two components are parts of a central processing unit (CPU)?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Control unit (CU), and Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n An employee needs to edit a contract and prepare a hard copy for the project team. Which two peripheral devices should be used?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Printer and Monitor<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which item is a storage device?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n flash drive<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What indicates a specific Internet location?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n IP address<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which description explains the role of a domain name system (DNS)?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Translates human-readable aliases into IP addresses<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which part of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) identifies the location of the document on the server?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Resource path ID<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which goal of Information Assurance (IA) requires that information is accessible when needed?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Availability<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which technique uses all possible combinations of letters and numbers to crack a password?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Brute force<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which is a type of two-factor authentication?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Smart Card<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n In which type of network topology is each networked device directly connected to every other networked device?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Mesh<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which communication medium is should be used when sending data transmissions from Singapore to Mexico City?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Radio signals<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which is a characteristic of high-level languages?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The source code has to be complied.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n How does a compiler work?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n It takes the most recent instructions and translates them into machine language<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is true of compiled and interpreted computer language?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A compiler translates an entire program into executable program, which can be run at a later time, while the interpreter does this incrementally.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which language is often used for rapid prototyping and the creation of GUIs?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n TCL<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is true of databases and the applications that interact with them?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Applications are interdependent of the database.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is another term for a formula that outlines how to execute a task?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Algorithm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which data type is used to represent product order code that comprises alphanumeric characters?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n String data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Armando is a freelance graphic designer. He has decided to create a database of the artwork he has done throughout the years. Each of his pieces of art is sorted using an assigned name and number. Which data type will be required in order to create his database?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Character string<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Why is it important to ensure that data support business goals?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n To aid in making strategic decisions.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n In which category of the Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy would business intelligence be located?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Knowledge<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which field must contain a unique value in order for a relational database table to function?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n primary key<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What are the three main categories of databases?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Flat file, relational, hierarchal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is the database administrators role in security?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n To institute protocols to protect the databases from external threats.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which part of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) identifies the location of the document on the server?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What type of information processing allows input data to be accepted as a set of records and processed as a unit?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Batch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is the role of drivers in facilitating communication between applications and databases?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n They allow the application to interact with the database.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which SQL clause is used to inform the database management system (DBMS) which tables should be interrogated by the query?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n FROM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is the role of the systems administrator?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n To install and maintain network resources.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What is the purpose of an IT department?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n It helps the organization achieve strategic goals.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which action would be important for the IT department to take in order to help their business meet the goal of increased expansion?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Expanding the infrasturcture to support additional locations.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What step should be taken by a business when a third-party solution is found that will benefit a project?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Contact the group to arrange a demo of their product.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which risk assessment question is part of the initiation phase?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Could the end users reject the outcome of the project?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n In what phase of a project does time estimation occur?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Planning<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n What effect does scope creep have on a project?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n It increases unplanned costs for the project.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which system requirement is an example of considering user needs in the design of an information system?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Allowing secure access to customer account information.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n