{"id":111157,"date":"2023-07-28T22:28:03","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T22:28:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=111157"},"modified":"2023-07-28T22:28:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T22:28:07","slug":"wgu-c175-d426-data-management-foundations-oa-exam-2023-2024-actual-exam-2-latest-versions-300-questions-and-correct-detailed-answers-with-rationales-100-correct-and-verified-answersalready-graded-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/07\/28\/wgu-c175-d426-data-management-foundations-oa-exam-2023-2024-actual-exam-2-latest-versions-300-questions-and-correct-detailed-answers-with-rationales-100-correct-and-verified-answersalready-graded-a\/","title":{"rendered":"WGU C175\/D426 DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS OA EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 2 LATEST VERSIONS 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY GRADED A+"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>D426 data management foundations oa exam questions and answers<br>D426 data management foundations oa exam questions<br>D426 data management foundations oa exam answers<br>data management &#8211; foundations &#8211; d426<br>data management &#8211; foundations &#8211; d426 reddit<br>data management &#8211; foundations \u2013 c175 quizlet<br>data management &#8211; foundations &#8211; c175 reddit<br>data management foundations wgu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Which requirement within large, complex databases ensures users have limited access to the database?<br><br>Recovery<br>Performance<br>Authorization<br>Confidentiality<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Authorization<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Which design type specifies database requirements without regard to a specific database system?<br><br>Physical design<br>Conceptual design<br>Logical design<br>Abstract design<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Conceptual design<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. What characterizes the rules of relational databases?<br><br>-They are logical constraints that ensure the data is valid.<br>-They are based on business policy and specific databases.<br>-They represent data volumes and rapidly changing data structures.<br>-They embody the theoretical foundation of the SQL language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>They are logical constraints that ensure the data is valid.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Which event will result in an error code and error description when using MySQL Server?<br><br>When the server or updates are incorrectly installed<br>When an SQL statement is entered to locate errors in the database<br>When an SQL statement is syntactically incorrect<br>When a Mac OS shortcut code is used on a Windows OS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>When an SQL statement is syntactically incorrect<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>5. Which data type should be used to store whole integer values, such as age?<br><br>NUM<br>VARCHAR<br>DATE<br>INT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>INT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>6. Which text-based interface is included in the MySQL Server Download?<br><br>MySQL Command-Line Client<br>MySQL Workbench<br>MySQL Enterprise<br>MySQL Community<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>MySQL Command-Line Client<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>7. Which database system includes the World database during its installation?<br><br>MySQL<br>MongoDB<br>Oracle<br>PostgreSQL<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>MySQL<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>8. What is the standardized language of relational database systems?<br><br>Contextual Query Language<br>Structured Query Language<br>Select Query Language<br>Object Query Language<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Structured Query Language<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>9. Which SQL sublanguage is used to manage database access?<br><br>Data Definition Language (DDL)<br>Data Query Language (DQL)<br>Data Manipulation Language (DML)<br>Data Control Language (DCL)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Data Control Language (DCL)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>10. Which SQL sublanguage is used to roll back database changes?<br><br>Data Transaction Language (DTL)<br>Data Manipulation Language (DML)<br>Data Query Language (DQL)<br>Data Control Language (DCL)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Data Transaction Language (DTL)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>11. Which format is used by the TIME data type in MySQL?<br><br>YYYY-MM-DD<br>YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss<br>hh:mm:ss<br>hh:mm:ss YYYY-MM-DD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>hh:mm:ss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>12. Which MySQL operator is the last in the order of operator precedence?<br><br>&#8211;<br>OR<br>NOT<br>=<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>OR<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>13. Which operator is used to compare columns from the left and right tables in MySQL?<br><br>&lt;=<br>+<br>=<br>*<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>=<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>14. Which type of join combines two tables without comparing columns?<br><br>SELF<br>EQUIJOIN<br>OUTER<br>CROSS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>CROSS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>15. Which type of join compares columns using only the = operator?<br><br>Equijoin<br>Non-equijoin<br>Outer join<br>Inner join<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Equijoin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>16. Which type of join is demonstrated by the following query?<br>SELECT Dog.Nickname, Kennel.Address<br>FROM Dog, Kennel<br>WHERE Dog.KennelID = Kennel.ID<br><br>NON-EQUIJOIN<br>SELF JOIN<br>CROSS JOIN<br>EQUIJOIN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>EQUIJOIN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>17. What is another name for a subquery?<br><br>Outer query<br>Nested query<br>Correlated query<br>Search query<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Nested query<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>18. Which operator is used to compare against a list of values when determining a match in a WHERE clause?<br><br>IN<br>BETWEEN<br>LIKE<br>OR<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>IN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>19. Which wildcard character is used to represent zero or more characters when searching for a specified pattern using a LIKE operator?<br><br>%<br>_<br>&lt;<br>&gt;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>%<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>20. Which function is considered an aggregating function in SQL?<br><br>TRIM<br>REPLACE<br>MIN<br>SUBSTRING<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>MIN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>21. Which clause or function is used with aggregate functions to produce summary rows?<br><br>TRIM<br>REPLACE<br>ORDER BY<br>GROUP BY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>GROUP BY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>22. Which type of join returns only the matching values when selecting rows from two or more tables?<br><br>Full Join<br>Outer Join<br>Equijoin<br>Inner Join<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Inner Join<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>23. Which join type selects only matching left and right table rows?<br><br>Full Join<br>Left Join<br>Right Join<br>Inner Join<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Inner Join<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>24. Which phrase refers to the view in which data is persisted and is automatically changed as the underlying data is changed?<br><br>Virtual View<br>Snapshot View<br>Denormalized View<br>Materialized View<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Materialized View<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>25. Which SQL command uses the correct syntax to update the salary of an employee in the Employee table?<br><br>CHANGE Employee Salary = 50000 WHERE ID = 1;<br>UPDATE Employee SET Salary = 50000 WHERE ID = 1;<br>ALTER Employee SET Salary = 50000 WHERE ID = 1;<br>UPDATE Employee (Salary) = (50000) WHERE ID = 1;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>UPDATE Employee SET Salary = 50000 WHERE ID = 1;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>26. What describes elements such as column name and data type?<br><br>Alter<br>Table<br>Metadata<br>CRUD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Metadata<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>27. Which term identifies an ordered collection of elements enclosed in parenthesis in a tablespace?<br><br>Cell<br>Field<br>Column<br>Tuple<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Tuple<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>28. Which SQL command uses the correct syntax to select the name and salary columns from the Employee table where the salary is greater than 50000, and sort the results by salary in descending order?<br><br>-SELECT name, salary FROM Employee WHERE salary &gt; 50000 ORDER + BY salary DESC;<br>-SELECT Employee.name, Employee.salary WHERE Employee.salary &gt; 50000 SORT BY Employee.salary DESC;<br>-SELECT name, salary FROM Employee SORT BY salary DESC WHERE salary &gt; 50000;<br>-SELECT name, salary FROM Employee WHERE salary &gt; 50000 SORT BY salary ASC;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>SELECT name, salary FROM Employee WHERE salary &gt; 50000 ORDER + BY salary DESC;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>29. Which INSERT statement demonstrates valid syntax in SQL?<br><br>INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) SET value1, value2;<br>INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2);<br>INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);<br>INSERT INTO table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>30. Which UPDATE statement uses valid syntax in SQL?<br><br>UPDATE table_name column_name= value1 WHERE condition<br>UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition;<br>UPDATE SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition IN table_name;<br>UPDATE table_name SET column_name = value1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>31. Which statement used to remove data from temporary tables?<br><br>DROP<br>DELETE<br>DEFAULT<br>TRUNCATE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>TRUNCATE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>32. Which keyword is a DDL (data definition language) keyword in SQL?<br><br>INSERT<br>UPDATE<br>DELETE<br>CREATE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>CREATE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>33. Which property is enforced by a primary key field?<br><br>Not Null<br>Null<br>Duplicate<br>Numeric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Not Null<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>34. Which property or function allows SQL to insert a field value?<br><br>Composite<br>Simple<br>Auto-increment<br>Numeric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Auto-increment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>35. Which property specifies an expression on one or more columns of a table?<br><br>CHECK<br>RESTRICT<br>CASCADE<br>UNIQUE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>CHECK<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>36. Which type of key is a single column in a table used to identify a row?<br><br>Super key<br>Simple primary key<br>Foreign key<br>Composite primary key<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Simple primary key<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>37. Which type of key is often represented by parentheses to show multiple columns?<br><br>Composite<br>Simple<br>Unique<br>Foreign<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Composite<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>38. Which primary key characteristic means it includes information that is easy to type and store?<br><br>Non-null<br>Meaningless<br>Stable<br>Simple<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Simple<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>39. Which part of a junction table in a relational database establishes a many-to-many relationship between two tables?<br><br>Primary key<br>Foreign key<br>Composite key<br>Candidate key<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Foreign key<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>40. Which type of relationship is established by a foreign key in a relational database?<br><br>Aggregation<br>Composition<br>One-to-many<br>Many-to-many<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>One-to-many<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>41. Which statements may be rejected when a foreign key constraint is specified?<br><br>INSERT<br>CHECK<br>SELECT<br>ORDER BY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>INSERT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>42. Which key describes the unique columns in a table that do not contain a primary key?<br><br>Foreign key<br>Simple key<br>Candidate key<br>Composite key<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Candidate key<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>43. Which index stores column values and row pointers in a hierarchy?<br><br>Dense index<br>Sparse index<br>Multi-level index<br>Secondary index<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Multi-level index<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>44. Which type of index refers to entries that are assigned to buckets?<br><br>Bitmap index<br>Logical index<br>Hash index<br>Secondary index<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Hash index<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>45. Which type of index is a grid of bits where each index row corresponds to a unique row in a table?<br><br>Multi-level index<br>Logical index<br>Hash index<br>Bitmap index<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Bitmap index<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>46. Which type of development activity is used to convert an entity-relationship model (ERM) into tables, columns, and keys?<br><br>Execution<br>Physical design<br>Analysis<br>Logical design<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Logical design<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>47. Which term addresses columns of A being a subset of the columns of B, with A always depending on B?<br><br>Third normal form<br>Candidate key<br>Trivial dependency<br>Non-trivial dependency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Trivial dependency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>48. Which term describes the process of denormalization?<br><br>Merging tables<br>Candidate key<br>Trivial dependency<br>Third normal form<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Merging tables<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>49. A database designer is working with a table that has a primary key and no duplicate rows. What can be concluded about the table?<br><br>It is a Boyce-Codd table.<br>It contains trivial dependency.<br>The table contains a non-key column.<br>It is a first normal form table.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>It is a first normal form table.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>50. Which process eliminates redundancy by decomposing a table into two or more tables in a higher normal form?<br><br>Merging<br>Creation of a candidate key<br>Evaluation of trivial dependency<br>Normalization<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Normalization<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>51. Which term describes the optimal normal form for frequent inserts, updates, and deletes of data?<br><br>Boyce-Codd normal form<br>Candidate key<br>Trivial dependency<br>Third normal form<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Boyce-Codd normal form<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>52. Which relationship is depicted in the following entity-relationship (ER) diagram?<br><br>Ternary<br>Many-to-many<br>One-to-one<br>One-to-many<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>One-to-many<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/sLuASaj0pc8SlK55vP5t6Q.jpg\" alt=\"Image: 52. Which relationship is depicted in the following entity-relationship (ER) diagram?\n\nTernary\nMany-to-many\nOne-to-one\nOne-to-many\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>53. Which relationship or association exists between a supertype entity and its subtype entities?<br><br>IsA relationship<br>Weak entity<br>Associative entity<br>Unary relationship<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>IsA relationship<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>54. Which symbol is used in an entity-relationship (ER) diagram for an entity?<br><br>Diamond<br>Square<br>Circle<br>Line<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Square<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>55. Which symbol is used in an entity-relationship (ER) diagram to indicate an attribute?<br><br>Diamond<br>Square<br>Circle<br>Line<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Circle<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>56. What must be done before creating supertype and subtype entities?<br><br>Identify entities.<br>Document entities.<br>Determine attribute maxima.<br>Document cardinality<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Identify entities.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>57. Which real-world object can be distinctly identified and grouped, such as all employees in a company?<br><br>Entity-relationship (ER) diagram<br>Glossary<br>Entity<br>Attribute type<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Entity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Which item in an entity-relationship (ER) diagram follows the attribute name and is placed outside of parentheses?<br><br>Weak entity<br>Attribute maximum<br>Attribute minimum<br>Physical design<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Attribute maximum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>59. Which strategy can be used to identify primary keys when investigating data relationships?<br><br>Trend analysis<br>Unique identifier analysis<br>Hypothesis testing<br>Visualization<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Unique identifier analysis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>60. How should an entity relationship phrase be read to correctly understand how one entity relates to another entity in an entity-relationship diagram (ER diagram)?<br><br>From top to bottom<br>In the direction the entity box is facing<br>In the direction the relationship verb is facing<br>From left to right<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>In the direction the relationship verb is facing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/KeBSojCEwy9tmXQvdP35eQ.jpg\" alt=\"Image: 60. How should an entity relationship phrase be read to correctly understand how one entity relates to another entity in an entity-relationship diagram (ER diagram)?\n\nFrom top to bottom\nIn the direction the entity box is facing\nIn the direction the relationship verb is facing\nFrom left to right\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Associative Entity<br>An associative entity is an element of the entity-relationship model. All relationships for the associative entity should be many.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Attribute<br>An attribute is a property or characteristic of an entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Binary relationship<br>A binary relationship is a relationship between two entity types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Candidate Key<br>Is any column or a combination of columns that can qualify as unique key in database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cardinality<br>Cardinality represents the maximum number of entities that can be involved in a particular relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cartesian product<br>Usually the result of a missing join condition or a method of expanding the data of 1 table by the number of rows in the second table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cascade Delete<br>Will delete all records that reference the primary key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>column subquery<br>Returns a single column of one or more values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data encryption<br>When data is encrypted, it is changed, bit by bit or character by character, into a form that looks totally garbled. It can and must be reconverted, or decrypted, back to its original form to be of use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data normalization<br>Is a methodology for organizing attributes into tables so that redundancy among the non-key attributes is eliminated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data volatility<br>Describes how often stored data is updated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data Volume Assessment<br>Understanding of how much data will be in a database or a table within a database<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Database<br>A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DCL<br>Data control language is used to control access to data stored in a database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DDL<br>Data definition language &#8211; involves instructing the DBMS software on what tables will be in the database, what attributes will be in the tables, which attributes will be indexed, and so forth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Definer<br>Definer is a MySQL term where AuthID is the same for another DBMS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Denormalization<br>The act of duplicating data in a database for performance or the preservation of historical information<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>disaster recovery<br>Involves rebuilding an entire information system or significant parts of one after a catastrophic natural disaster such as a hurricane, tornado, earthquake, building collapse, or even a major fire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DML<br>Data manipulation language refers to the four basic operations that can and must be performed on data stored in any DBMS: data retrieval, data update, insertion of new records, and deletion of existing records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>E-R model<br>An E-R model is a data model for describing a database in an abstract way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>embedded mode<br>The SELECT command is embedded within the lines of a higher-level language program and functions as an input or &#8220;read&#8221; statement for the program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Entity<br>An entity is an object or event in our environment that we want to keep track of.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foreign Key<br>Is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Index<br>Used to help a DBMS find data quickly<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inner Join<br>Shows row that have matches in both tables<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Intersection Data<br>Intersection Data associated with the concatenation of two segments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Join<br>Joins 2 tables together<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>logical view<br>Is a mapping onto a physical table or tables that allows an end user to access only a specified portion of data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modality<br>Modality represents the minimum number of entity occurrences that can be involved in a relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>outer join<br>Shows rows in one table that have no match in the other table. Two kinds of outer joins are left and right joins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Primary Key<br>Uniquely identifies each record in the table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>query mode<br>The command goes directly to the relational DBMS, which evaluates the query and processes it against the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Referential Integrity<br>Referential integrity is a database concept that ensures that relationships between tables remain consistent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>referential integrity<br>Enforces rules to guarantee that the foreign key relationship stays intact with no mismatches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Response time<br>Is the delay from the time that the Enter Key is pressed to execute a query until the result appears on screen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Restrict Delete<br>Will not allow deletes if the primary key is referenced<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>row subquery<br>Returns a single row of one or more values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>scalar subquery<br>is the most restrictive subquery because it produces only a single value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Set-to-Null on Delete<br>Will set values to null when primary key is deleted<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL<br>Is a comprehensive database management language which incorporates DML and DDL<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>subquery<br>One SELECT statement is &#8220;nested&#8221; within another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>table subquery<br>Returns a table of one or more rows of one or more columns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ternary Relationship<br>A ternary relationship is when three entities participate in the relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unary Relationships<br>Unary relationships associate occurrences of an entity type with other occurrences of the same entity type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One-to-One Binary Relationship<br>It means that a single occurrence of one entity type can be associated with a single occurrence of the other entity type and vice versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Throughput<br>Is the measure of how many queries from simultaneous users must be satisfied in a given period of time by the application set and the database that it supports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UNION<br>To create a result set that combines the results from several queries<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unique Identifier<br>A unique identifier is any identifier which is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Association Rules<br>Descriptive &#8211; discovers links or associations amongst data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Business Intelligence<br>The transformation of raw data into useful information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Classification<br>Predictive &#8211; maps data into predefined groups or classes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Clustering<br>Descriptive &#8211; groups similar data together into clusters<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Extraction\/Transformation\/Loading<br>ETL is the process of extracting raw data and then transforming and loading into a target to be used with Business intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regression<br>Predictive &#8211; used to map a data item to a real valued prediction variable<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sequence Discovery<br>Descriptive &#8211; discovers sequential patterns<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Summarization Rules<br>Descriptive &#8211; maps data into subsets with associated simple descriptions or generalizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Time Series Analysis<br>Predictive &#8211; analysis information over time to predict future data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>in the SELECT clause<br>It indicates that all attributes of the selected row are to be retrieved.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>AND operator<br>It displays a record if more than one condition is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AVG() function<br>It returns the average value of a numeric column.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BETWEEN operator<br>It allows you to specify a range of numeric values in a search.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data definition<br>It is operationalized with a data definition language (DDL), involves instructing the DBMS software on what tables will be in the database, what attributes will be in the tables, which attributes will be indexed, and so forth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data management<br>There are two aspects of data management: data definition and data manipulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DISTINCT operator<br>It is used to eliminate duplicate rows in a query result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IN operator<br>It allows you to specify a list of character strings to be included in a search.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>JOIN clause<br>It is used to combine rows from more than one table, based on a common field between them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LIKE operator<br>It allows you to specify partial character strings in a &#8220;wildcard&#8221; sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>OR operator<br>It displays a record if either the first condition OR the second condition is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ORDER BY clause<br>It simply takes the results of a SQL query and orders them by one or more specified attributes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SELECT command<br>Data retrieval in SQL is accomplished with the SELECT command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Structured Query Language<br>It is a standard language for data management in relational databases, known as Structured Query Language or SQL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Subquery<br>When one SELECT statement is &#8220;nested&#8221; within another in a format, it is known as subquery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data<br>Facts gathered together for analysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flat Files<br>A file having no internal hierarchy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hashed Files<br>A file that has been encrypted for security purposes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heap Files<br>An unsorted set of records<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Information<br>The transformation of raw data into useful facts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Punch Card<br>A card that is perforated and can hold commands or data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Structured Data<br>Information with a high degree of organization<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unstructured Data<br>Information that does not have structure (such as text)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ETL process<br>Get the data from the source location.<br>Map the data from its original form into a data model that is suitable for manipulation at the staging area.<br>Validate and clean the data.<br>Apply any transformations to the data that are required before the data sets are loaded into the repository.<br>Map the data from its staging area model to its loading model.<br>Move the data set to the repository.<br>Load the data into the warehouse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estimation<br>It is a process of assigning some continuously valued numeric value to an object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Description<br>It is the process of trying to characterize what has been discovered or trying to explain the results of the data mining process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Affinity grouping<br>It is a process of evaluating relationships or associations between data elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers.<br>Which of the following is true of business rules?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is anything about which data are to be collected and stored.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XML\/Hybrid data model<br>Oracle 11g is an example of the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity instance<br>Each row in the relational table is known as a(n)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational data model<br>MySQL is an example of the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>attribute<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is the equivalent of a field in a file system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity relationship<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tool to examine structures rather than describing them with text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity relationship<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> model uses the term connectivity to label the relationship types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1980s<br>The object-oriented data model was developed in the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>network<br>In the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> model, the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships, where each record can have more than one parent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>constraints<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> are important because they help to ensure data integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crow&#8217;s Foot notation<br>In <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong>, a three pronged symbol represents the &#8220;many&#8221; side of the relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data definition language (DDL)<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> enables a database administrator to describe schema components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>file system data model<br>VMS\/VSAM is an example of the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1960s<br>The hierarchical data model was developed in the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>hierarchical<br>One of the limitations of the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> model is that there is a lack of standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> represents a particular type of object in the real world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data manipulation language (DML)<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> defines the environment in which data can be managed and is used to work with the data in the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>constraint<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is a restriction placed on the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are not based on the relational model.<br>Which of the following is true of NoSQL databases?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>provide fault tolerance.<br>NoSQL databases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relationship<br>A verb associating two nouns in a business rule translates to a(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> in the data model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>business rule<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is a brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>business rules<br>From a database point of view, the collection of data becomes meaningful only when it reflects properly defined <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It does not have standards<br>Which of the following is a disadvantage of the hierarchical data model?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relation<br>The relational model&#8217;s foundation is a mathematical concept known as a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relationship<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is bidirectional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1970s<br>The relational data model was developed in the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>hierarchical<br>In the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> model, each parent can have many children, but each child has only one parent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>client node<br>Which of the following types of HDFS nodes acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>attribute<br>Each column in a relation represents a(n)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>method<br>In object oriented terms, a(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> defines an object&#8217;s behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>tuple<br>Each row in a relation is called a(n)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data model<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is a relatively simple representation of more complex real-world data structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>constraints<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> are normally expressed in the form of rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>many-to-many<br>Students and classes have a <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>model<br>A(n) <strong>__<\/strong>&#8216;s main function is to help one understand the complexities of the real world environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>class<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is a collection of similar objects with a shared structure and behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity<br>A noun in a business rule translates to a(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> in the data model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>schema<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is the conceptual organization of an entire database as viewed by a database administrator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>name node<br>Which of the following types of HDFS nodes stores all the metadata about a file system?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>hierarchical<br>In the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> model, the basic logical structure is represented as an upside-down tree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>object-oriented<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> data model is said to be a semantic data model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>segment<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> in a hierarchical model is the equivalent of a record in a file system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>object-oriented<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> data model uses the concept of inheritance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unique<br>When you define a table&#8217;s primary key, the DBMS automatically creates a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> index on the primary key column(s) you declared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data dictionary<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> provides a detailed description of all tables found within the user\/designer-created database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1:M<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> relationship is the relational database norm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>candidate<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> key can be described as a minimal superkey, a superkey without any unnecessary attributes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M:N<br>________relationships cannot be implemented as such in the relational model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>bridge<br>Another name for a composite entity is a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1:M<br>The <strong>_<\/strong> relationship is the &#8220;relational model ideal.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>secondary<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> key is defined as a key that is used strictly for data retrieval purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity<br>The CUSTOMER table&#8217;s primary key is CUS_CODE. The CUSTOMER primary key column has no null entries, and all entries are unique. This is an example of <strong>_<\/strong> integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>system<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> catalog can be described as a detailed system data dictionary that describes all objects within the database, including data about table names, the table&#8217;s creator and creation date, the number of columns in each table, the data type corresponding to each column, index filenames, index creators, authorized users, and access privileges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M:N<br><strong>_<\/strong> relationships can be implemented by creating a new entity in 1:M relationships with the original entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>predicate<br><strong>_<\/strong> logic, used extensively in mathematics, provides a framework in which an assertion (statement of fact) can be verified as either true or false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>index<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> is an orderly arrangement used to logically access rows in a table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>keys<br>In the relational model, <strong>_<\/strong> are important because they are used to ensure that each row in a table is uniquely identifiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>superkey<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> is any key that uniquely identifies each row.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1:1<br>If one department chair &#8220;a professor &#8220;can chair only one department, and one department can have only one department chair. The entities PROFESSOR and DEPARTMENT exhibit a(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>column<br>Each table <strong>_<\/strong> represents an attribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>attributes<br>An index key can have multiple <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> (a composite index).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>integrity<br>Referential <strong>_<\/strong> dictates that the foreign key must contain values that match the primary key in the related table, or must contain null.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>keys<br>In a relational model, <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> are also used to establish relationships among tables and to ensure the integrity of the data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>attribute<br>In a relational table, each column has a specific range of values known as the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> domain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relation<br>A table is also called a(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> because the relational model&#8217;s creator, E. F. Codd, used the two terms as synonyms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>foreign key<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> is the primary key of one table that has been placed into another table to create a common attribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>candidate<br>A primary key is a(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> key chosen to be the primary means by which rows of a table are uniquely identified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NOT NULL<br>The <strong>_<\/strong> constraint can be placed on a column to ensure that every row in the table has a value for that column.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1:1<br>The <strong>_<\/strong> relationship should be rare in any relational database design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Julian<br>Date attributes contain calendar dates stored in a special format known as the <strong>_<\/strong> date format.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unique<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> index is an index in which the index key can have only one pointer value (row) associated with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>foreign<br>The proper use of <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> keys is crucial to controlling data redundancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>table<br>You can think of a <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> as a persistent representation of a logical relation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>RDBMSs<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> enforce integrity rules automatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>warehousing<br>Proper data <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> design requires carefully defined and controlled data redundancies to function properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>synonym<br>In a database context, a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> indicates the use of different names to describe the same attribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>flags<br>To avoid nulls, some designers use special codes, known as <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> , to indicate the absence of some value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1:1<br>One characteristic of generalization hierarchies is that they are implemented as <strong>__<\/strong> relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>system catalog<br>The <strong>_<\/strong> is actually a system-created database whose tables store the user\/designer-created database characteristics and contents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>derived<br>The decision to store <strong>_<\/strong> attributes in database tables depends on the processing requirements and the constraints placed on a particular application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>small circle<br>In Crow&#8217;s Foot notation, an optional relationship between entities is shown by drawing a(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> on the side of the optional entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>one<br>Ideally, an entity identifier is composed of <strong>_<\/strong> attribute(s).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity<br>Knowing the minimum and maximum number of <strong>_<\/strong> occurrences is very helpful at the application software level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>binary<br>To simplify the conceptual design, most higher-order relationships are decomposed into appropriate equivalent <strong>_<\/strong> relationships whenever possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1:1<br>The Crow&#8217;s foot symbol with two vertical parallel lines indicates <strong>_<\/strong> cardinality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>existence<br>A weak entity must be <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong><br>dependent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dashed line<br>A derived attribute is indicated in the Chen notation by a <strong>_<\/strong> that connects the attribute and an entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>degree<br>A relationship<br><strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> indicates the number of entities or participants associated with a relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>optional<br>Participation is <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> if one entity occurrence does not require a corresponding entity occurrence in a particular relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iterative<br>What process is based on repetition of processes and procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>symbols<br>When the specific cardinalities are not included on the diagram in Crow&#8217;s Foot notation, cardinality is implied by the use of <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>single-valued<br>A person&#8217;s Social Security number would be an example of a(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> attribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>minimum<br>When indicating cardinality, the first value represents the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> number of associated entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unary<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> relationship exists when an association is maintained within a single entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>primary key<br>The concept of relationship strength is based on how the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> of a related entity is defined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>optional<br>The existence of a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> entity indicates that its minimum cardinality is zero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cardinality<br><strong>_<\/strong> expresses the minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rectangle<br>The Chen notation identifies a weak entity by using a double-walled entity <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ternary<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> relationship exists when three entities are associated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>composite<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> attribute can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UML<br>The <strong>_<\/strong> notation of entity-relationship modelling can be used for both conceptual and implementation modelling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>required<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> attribute is an attribute that must have a value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>solid<br>When using the Crow&#8217;s Foot notation, the associative entity is indicated by <strong>_<\/strong> relationship lines between the parents and the associative entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>information<br>Complex <strong>_<\/strong> requirements may dictate data transformations, and they may expand the number of entities and attributes within the design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relationships<br>Identifying the attributes of entities helps in the better understanding of <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> among entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M:N<br>The entity relationship model uses the associative entity to represent a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> relationship between two or more entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>recursive<br>If an employee within an EMPLOYEE entity has a relationship with itself, that relationship is known as a <strong>_<\/strong> relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>participation<br>Failure to understand the distinction between mandatory and optional <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> in relationships might yield designs in which awkward (and unnecessary) temporary rows (entity instances) must be created just to accommodate the creation of required entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>derived<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> attribute need not be physically stored within the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>attributes<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> are characteristics of entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>creating a detailed narrative of the organization&#8217;s description of operations<br>The first step in building an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is <strong>_<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>classification<br>A relationship <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is difficult to establish if only one side of the relationship is known.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>strong<br>If an entity can exist apart from all of its related entities, then it is existence-independent, and it is referred to as a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>high processing speeds<br>In organizations that generate large number of transactions, <strong>_<\/strong> are often a top priority in database design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>weak<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> entity has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity in the relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>solid<br>The Crow&#8217;s Foot notation depicts the strong relationship with a(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> line between the entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>documentation<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> not only helps database designers to stay on track during the design process, it also enables them to pick up the design thread when the time comes to modify the design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>conceptual<br>The entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the <strong>_<\/strong> database as viewed by the end user.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>domain<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> is the set of possible values for a given attribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>optional to<br>If Tiny College has some departments that are classified as &#8220;research only&#8221; and do not offer courses, the COURSE entity of the college database would be <strong>_<\/strong> the DEPARTMENT entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>strong<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> relationship is also known as an identifying relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M:N<br>The conceptual model can handle <strong>_<\/strong> relationships and multivalued attributes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>simple<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> attribute is one that cannot be subdivided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>identifiers<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> are underlined in an ER diagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>existence<br>An entity is said to be <strong>_<\/strong> -dependent if it can exist in the database only when it is associated with another related entity occurrence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entities<br>A relationship is an association between <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>primary<br>Because a partial dependency can exist only when a table&#8217;s primary key is composed of several attributes, a table whose <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> key consists of only a single attribute is automatically in 2NF once it is in 1NF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>partial dependency<br>A dependency based on only a part of a composite primary key is called a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>normal forms<br>Normalization works through a series of stages called<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>prime<br>An attribute that is part of a key is known as a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> attribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>first normal form<br>All relational tables satisfy the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>partial dependency<br>A dependency based on only a part of a composite primary key is known as a <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>anomalies<br>A table that displays data redundancies yields <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4NF<br>Some very specialized applications may require normalization beyond the <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3NF<br>A table that is in 2NF and contains no transitive dependencies is said to be in <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>repeating group<br>A relational table must not contain a(n) <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>partial<br>Dependencies based on only a part of a composite primary key are known as <strong>_<\/strong> dependencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>single entity<br>Repeating groups must be eliminated by ensuring that each row defines a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>granularity<br>refers to the level of detail represented by the values stored in a table&#8217;s row.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crow Foot notation ERDs<br>When designing a new database structure based on the business requirements of the end users, the database designer will construct a data model using a technique such as <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3NF<br>For most business transactional databases, we should normalize relations into <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>transitive dependency<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> exists when there are functional dependencies such that Y is functionally dependent on X, Z is functionally dependent on Y, and X is the primary key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>anomalies<br>The problem with transitive dependencies is that they still yield data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4NF<br>In the <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> , no row may contain two or more multivalued facts about an entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>three<br>If you have three different transitive dependencies, <strong>_<\/strong> different determinant(s) exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2NF<br>A table that is in 1NF and includes no partial dependencies is said to be in <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1NF<br>A table that has all key attributes defined, has no repeating groups, and all its attributes are dependent on the primary key is said to be in <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>partial dependency<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> exists when there are functional dependencies such that XY is functionally dependent on WZ, X is functionally dependent on W, and XY is the primary key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>the level of detail represented by the values in a table&#8217;s row<br>Granularity refers to <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2NF<br>Before converting a table into 3NF, it is imperative that the table already be in <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>normalization<br>is a process to help reduce the likelihood of data anomalies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DKNF<br>Of the following normal forms, <strong>_<\/strong> is mostly of theoretical interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>three<br>Normalization works through a series of stages called normal forms. For most purposes in business database design, <strong>_<\/strong> stages are as high as you need to go in the normalization process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>prime attribute<br>Any attribute that is at least part of a key is known as a <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2NF<br>It is possible for a table in <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> to exhibit transitive dependency, where the primary key may rely on one or more nonprime attributes to functionally determine other nonprime attributes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>atomicity<br>An attribute that cannot be further subdivided is said to display <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>determinant<br>Any attribute whose value determines other values within a row is known as a <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>normalization stages<br>1NF, 2NF, and 3NF are <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dependency<br>In a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> diagram, the arrows above the attributes indicate all desirable dependencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>derived<br>From a system functionality point of view, <strong>_<\/strong> attribute values can be calculated when they are needed to write reports or invoices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>normalization<br>The objective of <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is to ensure that each table conforms to the concept of well-formed relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3NF<br>Most designers consider the BCNF as a special case of the <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>make sure that entities are in normal form before table structures are created<br>When designing a database, you should <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>surrogate<br>In a real-world environment, changing granularity requirements might dictate changes in primary key selection, and those changes might ultimately require the use of <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> keys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data integrity problems<br>Data redundancy produces <strong>_<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cannot be further subdivided<br>An atomic attribute <strong>_<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3NF and the BCNF<br>When a table contains only one candidate key, <strong>_<\/strong> are considered to be equivalent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational<br>All <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> tables satisfy the 1NF requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>atomicity<br>Improving <strong>_<\/strong> leads to more flexible queries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>natural<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> join links tables by selecting only the rows with common values in their common attribute(s).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>diagram<br>Dependencies can be identified with the help of a dependency <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>repeating group<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> derives its name from the fact that a collection of multiple entries of the same type can exist for any single key attribute occurrence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>candidate<br>BCNF can be violated only if the table contains more than one <strong>_<\/strong> key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>determines<br>Attribute A <strong>_<\/strong> attribute B if all of the rows in the table that agree in value for attribute A also agree in value for attribute B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BCNF<br>A table is in <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> if every determinant in the table is a candidate key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1NF<br>From a structural point of view, 2NF is better than <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>concept of keys<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is central to a discussion of normalization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2NF<br>From a structural point of view, 3NF is better than <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>partial dependencies<br>If a table has multiple candidate keys and one of those candidate keys is a composite key, the table can have <strong>_<\/strong> based on this composite candidate key even when the primary key chosen is a single attribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LIKE<br>The special operator used to check whether an attribute value matches a given string pattern is <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SELECT<br>To make the output more readable, the SQL standard permits the use of aliases for any column in a <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>WHERE<br>ANSI-standard SQL allows the use of special operators in conjunction with the <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>restrictions<br>You can select partial table contents by naming the desired fields and by placing <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> on the rows to be included in the output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>logical<br>SQL allows the use of <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> restrictions on its inquiries such as OR, AND, and NOT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Performing operations within parentheses<br>According to the rules of precedence, which of the following computations should be completed first?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SELECT<br>The SQL command that allows a user to list the contents of a table is <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>queries<br>A database language enables the user to perform complex <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> designed to transform the raw data into useful information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>HAVING<br>The SQL data manipulation command <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> restricts the selection of grouped rows based on a condition:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ISO<br>The ANSI SQL standards are also accepted by the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IS NULL<br>The <strong>_<\/strong> special operator is used to check whether an attribute value is null.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>COMMIT<br>The SQL command that allows a user to permanently save data changes is <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cascading<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> order sequence is a multilevel ordered sequence that can be created easily by listing several attributes, separated by commas, after the ORDER BY clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SELECT<br>The <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> command, coupled with appropriate search conditions, is an incredibly powerful tool that enables a user to transform data into information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EXISTS<br>The special operator used to check whether a subquery returns any rows is <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>alias<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> is an alternate name given to a column or table in any SQL statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Microsoft Access<br>Some RDBMSs, such as <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> , automatically make the necessary conversions to eliminate case sensitivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>one hundred<br>The basic SQL vocabulary has fewer than <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>INSERT<br>The SQL command that allows a user to insert rows into a table is <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>query<br>In the SQL environment, the word <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> covers both questions and actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BETWEEN<br>The special operator used to check whether an attribute value is within a range of values is <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boolean<br>A specialty field in mathematics, known as <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> algebra, is dedicated to the use of logical operators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>conditional<br>in SQL, all <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> expressions evaluate to true or false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Business intelligence<br><strong>_<\/strong> tools focus on the strategic and tactical use of information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data warehouse<br>Business intelligence tools use the <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> data as the raw materials for data analytics to generate business knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Business intelligence<br><strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> functionality ranges from simple data gathering and transformation to very complex data analysis and presentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>framework<br>Business intelligence is a <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> that allows a business to transform data into information, information into knowledge, and knowledge into wisdom<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>architecture<br>Business intelligence (BI) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is composed of data, people, processes, technology, and the management of such components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Business intelligence<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> is a term used to describe a comprehensive, cohesive, and integrated set of tools and processes used to capture, collect, integrate, store, and analyze data with the purpose of generating and presenting information used to support business decision making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DBMS<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>single-user<br>A desktop database is a <strong>_<\/strong> database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>structured data<br><strong>_<\/strong> are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>query result set<br>The response of the DBMS to a query is the <strong>__<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unstructured<br><strong>_<\/strong> data exist in the format in which they were collected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DBMSs<br><strong>_<\/strong> serve as the intermediary between the user and the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>enterprise<br>A(n) <strong>__<\/strong> database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>independence<br>Data <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting an application program&#8217;s ability to access data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unstructured<br><strong>_<\/strong> data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>context<br>To reveal meaning, information requires <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>metadata<br><strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>record<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ad hoc query<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is a spur-of-the-moment question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>database system<br>The term <strong>_<\/strong> refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data redundancy<br>exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They enhance the user&#8217;s ability to understand the data.<br>Which of the following is true of spreadsheet applications?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>its expected use<br>The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by <strong>_<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>operational databases<br>Data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the_____.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>multiuser<br>A workgroup database is a(n) <strong>_<\/strong> database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>good decision making<br>Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>field<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>application<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> might be written by a programmer or it might be created through a DBMS utility program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>performance tuning<br><strong>_<\/strong> relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>the data always yields consistent results<br>Data is said to be verifiable if:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>raw facts of interest to the end user<br>End-user data is <strong>__<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>workgroup<br>A(n) <strong>_<\/strong> database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data dictionary<br>The DBMS uses the <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data inconsistency<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In-memory databases<br><strong>_<\/strong> refer to a type of database that stores most of its data in RAM rather than in hard disks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>metadata<br><strong>__<\/strong> provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>anomaly<br>A(n) <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>information<br><strong>_<\/strong> is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data<br>Information is produced by processing <strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>analytical<br><strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data dictionary<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> contains at least all of the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>information<br><strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>knowledge<br><strong>_<\/strong> is the body of information and facts about a specific subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data redundancy<br>Which of the following refers to the situation where the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data inconsistency<br><strong>_<\/strong> exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data integrity<br><strong>_<\/strong> is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>collection of files<br>The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a <strong>__<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>file<br>A <strong>_<\/strong> is a collection of related records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>semistructured<br>An XML database supports the storage and management of <strong>_<\/strong> XML data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XML<br><strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>formatted<br>Raw data must be properly <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> for storage, processing and presentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>query<br>A(n) <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>semistructured<br>Most data that can be encountered are best classified as <strong>_<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>islands of information<br>The term <strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> refers to scattered locations storing the same basic data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>metadata<br><strong><em>__<\/em><\/strong> is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>performance tuning<br><strong><em>_<\/em><\/strong> relates to activities that make a database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ad hoc query<br>A &#8220;spur-of-the-moment&#8221; question<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>analytical database<br>A database focused primarily on storing historical data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>availability<br>In the context of data security, it refers to the accessibility of data whenever required by authorized users and for authorized purposes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>centralized database<br>A database located at a single site<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cloud database<br>A database that is created and maintained using cloud services, such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data<br>Raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning to the end user<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data anomaly<br>An abnormality of the data in which inconsistent changes have been made to a database (For example, an employee moves, but the address changes is not corrected in all files in the database)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data dependence<br>A data condition in which data representation and manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage characteristics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data dictionary<br>A DBMS component that stores metadata. Contains the data definition, as well as their characteristics and relationships<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data inconsistency<br>A condition in which different versions of the same data yield different results<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data independence<br>A condition in which data access is unaffected by changes in the physical data storage characteristics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data integrity<br>In a relational database, a condition in which the data in the database complies with all entity and referential integrity constraints<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data management<br>A process that focuses on data collection, storage, and retrieval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data processing (DP) specialist<br>The person responsible for developing and managing a computerized file processing system<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data redundancy<br>Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>database<br>A shared, integrated computer structure that houses a collection of related data including end-user data (raw facts) and metadata (data about the data)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>database design<br>The process that yields the description of the database structure and determines the database components. The second phase of the database life cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>database management system (DBMS)<br>The collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>database system<br>An organization of components that defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>desktop database<br>A single-user database that runs on a personal computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>discipline-specific database<br>A database that contains data focused on specific subject areas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>enterprise database<br>The overall company data representation, which provides support for present and expected future needs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>field<br>An alphabetic or numeric character or group of characters that defines a characteristic of a person, place, or thing. (for example, a person&#8217;s SSN, address, phone number, and bank balance all constitute fields)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>file<br>A named collection of related records<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>general-purpose database<br>A database that contains a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>hub<br>A warehouse of data packets housed in a central location on a local area network. It contains multiple ports that copy the data in the data packets to make it accessible to selected or all segments of the network<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>information<br>The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. It consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>islands of information<br>In the old file system environment, pools of independent, often duplicated, and inconsistent data created and managed by different departments<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>knowledge<br>The body of information and facts about a specific subject. It implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding of information as it applies to an environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>logical data format<br>The way a person views data within the context of a problem domain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>metadata<br>Data about data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>multiuser database<br>A database that supports multiple concurrent users<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NoSQL<br>A new generation of database management systems that is not based on the traditional relational database model. It stores structured and unstructured data in efficient ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>online analytical processing (OLAP)<br>Decision support system (DSS) tools that use multidimensional data analysis techniques. It creates an advanced data analysis environment that supports decision making, business modeling, and operations research<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>operational database<br>A database designed primarily to support a company&#8217;s day-to-day operations. (Also known as a transactional database, OLTP database, or production database)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>performance tuning<br>Activities that make a database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>physical data format<br>The way a computer &#8220;sees&#8221; (stores) data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>query<br>A question or task asked by an end user of a database in the form of SQL code. A specific request for data manipulation issued by the end user or the application to the DBMS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>query language<br>A nonprocedural language that is used by a DBMS to manipulate its data (such as SQL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>query result set<br>The collection of data rows returned by a query<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>record<br>A collection of related (logically connected) fields<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>role<br>In Oracle, a named collection of database access privileges that authorize a user to connect to a database and use its system resources<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>router<br>1) An intelligent devise used to connect dissimilar networks<br>2) Hardware\/software equipment that connects multiple and diverse networks<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>semistructured data<br>Data that has already been processed to some extent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>single-user database<br>A database that supports only one user at a time<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>social media<br>Web and mobile technologies that enable &#8220;anywhere, anytime, always on&#8221; human interactions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>structural dependence<br>A data characteristic in which a change in the database schema affects data access, thus requiring changes in all access programs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>structural independence<br>A data characteristic in which changes in the database schema do not affect data access<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>structured data<br>Data that has been formatted to facilitate storage, use, and information generation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>structured query language (SQL)<br>A powerful and flexible relational database language composed of commands that enable users to create database and table structures, perform various types of data manipulation and data administration, and query the database to extract useful information<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unstructured data<br>Data that exists in its original, raw state; that is, in the format in which it was collected<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>website<br>Refers to the web server and the collection of web pages stored on the local hard disk of the server computer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>workgroup database<br>A multiuser database that usually supports fewer than 50 users or is used for a specific department in an organization<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>world wide web (WWW or the web)<br>Worldwide network collection of specially formatted and interconnected documents known as web pages<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>XML database<br>A database system that stores and manages semistructured XML data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>file structure<br>The format that data is arranged and stored<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>flat files<br>Files having no internal hierarchy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>heap files<br>Files containing an unsorted set of records that are uniquely identified by a record ID which allows them to be inserted or deleted using that ID<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>index files<br>Files that store a list of lookup field values from a data file<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>hashed files<br>Files that are encrypted using hash functions that convert data consisting of various formats into numeric values<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data management<br>The discipline that focuses on the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>distributed database<br>Supports data across multiple sites<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>general purpose database<br>Contains a wide variety of data used in multiple disciplines<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>business intelligence<br>A comprehensive approach to capture and process business data with the purpose of generating information to support business decision making<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>semi-structured data<br>Data that is already processed to some extent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>extensible markup language (XML)<br>Used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data dictionary management<br>Removes structural and data dependency and provides the user with data abstraction. The DBMS uses this function to look up the required data component structures and relationships<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data transformation and presentation<br>Exists to transform any data entered into required data structures. By using this function, the DBMS can determine the difference between logical and physical data formats<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>security management<br>Sets rules that determine specific users that are allowed to access the database. This function also sets restraints on what specific data any user can see or manage<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data modeling<br>The process of creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>problem domain<br>A clearly defined area within the real-world environment, with a well-defined scope and boundaries that will be systematically addressed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data model<br>A representation, usually graphic, of a complex &#8220;real-world&#8221; data structure. Used in the database design phase of the database life cycle. It represents data structures and their characteristics, relations, constraints, transformations, and other constructs with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain. A blueprint with all the instructions to build a database that will meet all end-user requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>basic building blocks of all data models<br>Constraints, attributes, relationships, entities (data models CARE!)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity<br>A person, place, thing, concept, or event for which data can be sored<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>attribute<br>A characteristic of an entity or object. It has a name and a data type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relationship<br>An association between entities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>constraint<br>A restriction placed on data, usually expressed in the form of rules<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>one-to-one (1:) relationship<br>Exists between a pair of tables when a single record in the first table is related to only one record in the second table, and a single record in the second table is related to only one record in the first table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>one-to-many (1:M) relationship<br>Exists between a pair of tables when a single record in the first single record in the first table can be related to one or more records in the second table, but a single record in the second table can be related to only one record in the first table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>many-to-many (M:M) relationship<br>Exists between a pair of tables when a single record in the first table can be related to one or more records in the second table and a single record in the second table can be related to one or more records in the first table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>business rule<br>A description of a policy, procedure, or principle within an organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>hierarchical model<br>An early database model whose basic concepts and characteristics formed the basis for subsequent database development. It is based on an upside-down tree structure in which each record is called a segment. The top record is the root segment. Each segment has a 1:M relationship to the segment directly below it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>segment<br>In the hierarchical data model, the equivalent of a file system&#8217;s record type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>network model<br>An early data model that represented data as a collection of record types in 1:M relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>schema<br>A logical grouping of database objects, such as tables, indexes, views, and queries that are related to each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>subschema<br>The portion of the database that interacts with application programs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data manipulation language (DML)<br>The set of commands that allows an end user to manipulate the data in the database, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data definition language (DDL)<br>The language that allows a database administrator to define the database structure, schema, and subschema<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational model<br>Based on mathematical set theory and represents data as independent relations. Each relation (table) is related to each other through the sharing of common entity characteristics. Developed by E. F. Codd of IBM in 1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relation or table<br>A two-dimensional structure composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>tuple<br>A row in the relational model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational database management system (RDBMS)<br>A collection of programs that manages a relational database<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL-based relational database parts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>End-user interface<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A collection of tables stored in the database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SQL engine<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>entity relationship (ER) model (ERM)<br>A data model that describes relationships (1:1, 1:M, and M:N) among entities at the conceptual level with the help of ER diagrams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity relationship diagram (ERD)<br>A diagram that depicts an entity relationship model&#8217;s entities, attributes, and relations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity instance or entity occurance<br>A row in a relational table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity set<br>A collection of like entities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>object-oriented data model (OODM)<br>A data model whose basic modeling structure is an object<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>object<br>An abstract representation of a real world entity that has a unique identity, embedded properties, and the ability to interact with other objects and itself<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)<br>Data management software used to manage data in an object-oriented database model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational database<br>A collection of relations that contain the data describing a particular business environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>class<br>A collection of similar objects with shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>method<br>In the object-oriented data model, a named set of instructions to perform an action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>class hierarchy<br>The organization of classes in a hierarchical tree in which each parent class is a superclass and each child class is a subclass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>inheritance<br>In the object-oriented data model, the ability of an object to inherit the data structure and methods of the classes above it in the class hierarchy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unified modeling language (UML)<br>A language based on object-oriented concepts that provides tools such as diagrams and symbols to graphically model a system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>extended relational data model (ERDM)<br>A model that includes the object-oriented model&#8217;s best features in an inherently simpler relational database structural environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>object\/relational database management system (O\/R DBMS)<br>A DBMS based on the extended relational model (ERDM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>big data<br>A movement to find new and better ways to manage large amounts of web-generated data and derive business insight from it, while simultaneously providing high performance and scalability at a reasonable cost<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>volume, velocity, and variety (3 Vs)<br>Three basic characteristics of big data databases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>volume<br>In big data, this refers to the amounts of data being stored<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>velocity<br>In big data, this refers to the speed in which data grows and the need to process this data quickly in order to generate information and insight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>variety<br>In big data, this refers to the fact that the data being collected comes in multiple different data formats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hadoop<br>A Java based, open source, high speed, fault-tolerant distributed storage and computational framework for big data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)<br>A highly distributed, fault-tolerant file storage system designed to manage large amounts of data a high speeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>name node<br>One of three types of nodes used in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). It stores all the metadata about the file system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data node<br>One of the three types of nodes used in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). It stores fixed-size data blocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>client node<br>One of the three types of nodes used in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). It acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MapReduce<br>An open-source application programming interface (API) that provides fast data analytics services used for big data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>key-value<br>A data model based on a structure composed of two data elements: a key and a value, in which every key has a corresponding value or set of values. Also called the associative or attribute-value data model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sparse data<br>A case in which the number of table attributes is very large but the number of actual data instances is low<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>eventual consistency<br>A model for database consistency in which updates to the database will propagate through the system so that all data copies will be consistent eventually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3 vs<br>Three basic characteristics of big data databases: volume, velocity, and variety<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>abstract data type (ADT)<br>Data type that describes a set of similar objects with shared and encapsulated data representation and methods. It is generally used to describe complex objects<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>American National Standards Institute (ANSI)<br>The group that accepted the DBTG recommendations and augmented database standards in 17=975 through its SPARC committee<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>application programming interface (API)<br>Software through which programmers interact with middleware. It allows the use of generic SQL code, thereby allowing client processes to be database server-independent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>balancing<br>Ensuring that the processing load is distributed evenly among servers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chen notation<br>Same as entity relationship (ER) model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>class diagram notation<br>The set of symbols used in the creation of class diagrams in UML object mdeling<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>class diagrams<br>A diagram used to represent data and their relationships in UML object notation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>client<br>Any process that requests specific services from server processes in a client\/server environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>complex object<br>An object formed by several different objects in complex relationships<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>conceptual model<br>The output of the conceptual design process. It provides a global view of an entire database and describes the main data objects, avoiding details<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>conceptual schema<br>A representation of the conceptual model, usually expressed graphically<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>connectivity<br>The type of relationship between entities. Classifications include 1:1, 1:M, and M:N<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crow&#8217;s Foot notation<br>A representation of the entity relationship diagram that uses a three-pronged symbol to represent the &#8220;many&#8221; sides of the relationship<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity instance<br>A row in a relational table. Also known as entity occurrence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity occurrence<br>A row in a relational table. Also known as entity instance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity relationship model (ERM)<br>A data model that describes relationships (1:1, 1:M, and M:N) among entities at the conceptual level with the help of ER diagrams. Developed by Peter Chen<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>external model<br>The application programmer&#8217;s view of the data environment. Given its business focus, this works with a data subset of the global database schema<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>external schema<br>The specific representation of an external view; the end user&#8217;s view of the data environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS)<br>A highly distributed, fault-tolerant file storage system designed to manage large amounts of data at high speeds<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>hardware independence<br>A condition in which a model does not depend on the hardware used in the model&#8217;s implementation. Changes in the hardware will have no effect on the database design at the conceptual level<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>internal model<br>In database modeling, a level of data abstraction that adapts the conceptual model to a specific DBMS model for implementation. It is the representation of a database as &#8220;seen&#8221; by the DBMS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>internal schema<br>A representation of an internal model using the database constructs supported by the chosen database<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>internet<br>A global network of computers connected together through a standard network protocol known as Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol (TCP\/IP)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relation<br>A logical construct perceived to be a two dimensional structure composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes) that represents an entity set in the relational model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational diagram<br>A graphical representation of a relational database&#8217;s entities, the attributes within those entities, and the relationships among the entities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>superclass<br>In a class hierarchy, this is the more general classification from which the subclasses inherit data structures and behaviors<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>table<br>A logical construct perceived to be a two dimensional structure composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes) that represents an entity set in the relational model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>versioning<br>A property of an OODBMS that allows the database to keep track of the different transformations performed on an object<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>candidate key<br>A minimal superkey; a key that does not contain a subset of attributes that is itself a superkey<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>composite entity<br>An entity designed to transform a M:N relationship into two 1:M relationships. It&#8217;s primary key comprises at least the primary key of the entities that it connects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>composite key<br>A multiple-attribute key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dependent<br>An attribute whose value is determined by another attribute<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>determination<br>The role of a key. In the context of a database table, the statement &#8220;A determines B&#8221; indicates that knowing the value of attribute A means that the value of B can be looked up<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>domain<br>In data modeling,the construct used to organize and describe an attribute&#8217;s set of possible values<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>entity integrity<br>The property of a relational table that guarantees each entity has a unique value in a primary key and that the key has no null values<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>flags<br>Special codes implemented by designers to trigger a required response, alert end users to specified conditions, or encode values. They may be used to prevent nulls by bringing attention to the absence of a value in a table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>foreign key (FK)<br>An attribute or attributes in one table whose values must match the primary key in another table or whose values must be null<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>full functional dependence<br>A condition in which an attribute is functionally dependent on a composite key but not on any subset of the key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>functional dependence<br>One attribute determines another<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>index<br>An ordered array of values and row IDs generally used to speed up and facilitate data retrieval<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>key<br>One or more attributes that determine other attributes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>key attribute<br>The attributes that form a primary key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>linking table<br>In the relational model, a table that implements a M:N relationship<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>null<br>The absence of an attribute value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>predicate logic<br>Used extensively in mathematics to provide a framework in which a fact can be verified as true or false<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>primary key<br>In the relational model,an identifier composed of one or more attributes that uniquely identifies a row<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>prime attribute<br>A key attribute<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>referential integrity<br>A condition by which a dependent table&#8217;s foreign key must have either a null entry or a matching entry in the related table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>secondary key<br>A key used to strictly for data retrieval purposes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>set theory<br>A part of a mathematical science that deals with groups of things and is used as the basis for data manipulation in the relational model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>superkey<br>An attribute or attributes that uniquely identify each entity in a table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unique index<br>An index in which the index key can have only one associated pointer value or row<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>binary relationship<br>An er term for an association (relationship) between two entities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cardinality<br>A property that assigns a specific value to connectivity and expresses the range of allowed entity occurrences associated with a single occurrence of the related entity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>composite attribute<br>An attribute that can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes. For example, a phone number may be divided into an area code (630) and exchange number (421), and a four-digit code (9009)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>composite identifier<br>In ER modeling, a key composed of more than one attribute<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>derived attribute<br>An attribute that does not physically exist within the entity and is derived via an algorithm. For example, the age attribute might be derived by subtracting the birth date from the current date<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>existence-dependent<br>A property of an entity whose existence depends on one or more other entities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>existence-independent<br>A property of an entity that can exist apart from one or more related entities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>identifiers<br>One or more attributes that uniquely identify each entity instance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iterative process<br>A process based on repetition of steps and procedures<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mandatory participation<br>A relationship in which one entity occurrence must have a corresponding occurrence in another entity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>multivalued attributes<br>An attribute that can have many values for a single entity occurrence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>non-identifying relationship<br>A relationship in which the primary key of the related entity does not contain a primary key component of the parent entity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>optional attribute<br>In ER modeling, an attribute that does not require a value; therefore it can be left empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>optional participation<br>In ER modeling, a condition in which one entity occurrence does not require a corresponding entity occurrence in a particular relationship<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>participants<br>An ER term for entities that participate in a relationship<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>recursive relationshp<br>A relationship found within a single entity type<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational schema<br>The organization of a relational database as described by the database administrator<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relationship degree<br>The number of entities or participants associated with a relationship It can be unary, binary, ternary, or higher<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>required attribute<br>In ER modeling, an attribute that must have a value. It cannot be left empty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>simple attribute<br>An attribute that cannot be subdivided into meaningful components<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>single-valued attribute<br>An attribute that can have only one value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>strong (identifying) relationship<br>A relationship that occurs when two entities are existence-dependent; from a database design perspective, this relationship exists whenever the primary key of the related entity contains the primary key of the parent entity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>strong entity<br>An entity that is existence-independent, that is, it can exist apart from all of its related entities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ternary relationship<br>An ER term used to describe an association (relationship) between three entities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>unary relationship<br>An ER term used to describe an association within an entity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>weak entity<br>An entity that displays existence dependence and inherits the primary key of its parent eneity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>weak relationship<br>A relationship in which the primary key of the related entity does not contain a primary key component of the parent entity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>master key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>atomic attribute<br>An attribute that cannot be further subdivided to produce meaningful components<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>atomicity<br>The transaction property that requires all parts of a transaction to be treated as a single, indivisible, logical unit of work. All parts of a transaction must be completed or the entire transaction is aborted<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)<br>A special type of third normal form (3NF) in which every determinant is a candidate key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>denormilization<br>A process by which a table is changed from a higher-level normal form to a lower-level normal form, usually to increase processing speed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dependency diagram<br>A representation of all data dependencies (primary key, partial, or transitive) within a table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>determinant<br>Any attribute in a specific row whose value directly determines other values in that row<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>first normal form (1NF)<br>The first stage in the normalization process. It describes a relation depicted in tabular format,, with no repeating groups and a primary key identified. All non-key attributes in the relation are dependent on the primary key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>fourth normal form (4NF)<br>A table that is in 3NF and contains no multiple independent sets of multivalued dependencies<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>granularity<br>The level of detail represented by the values stored in a table&#8217;s row. Data stored at its lowest level is said to be atomic data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>nonprime (or nonkey) attribute<br>An attribute that is not part of a key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>normalization<br>A process that assigns attributes to entities so that data redundancies are reduced or eliminated<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>partial dependency<br>A condition in which an attribute is dependent on only a portion (subset) of the primary key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>repeating group<br>In a relation, a characteristic describing a group of multiple entries of the same type for a single key attribute occurrence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>second normal form (2NF)<br>The second stage in the normalization process, in which a relation is in 1NF and there are no partial dependencies<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>third normal form (3NF)<br>A table in 2NF and no nonkey attribute is functionally dependent on another nonkey attribute<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>transitive dependency<br>A condition in which an attribute is dependent on another attribute that is not part of the primary key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>alias<br>An alternative name for a column or table in a SQL statement<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ALTER TABLE<br>The SQL command used to make changes to table structure. When the command is followed by a keyword, it adds a column or changes column characteristics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AND<br>The SQL logical operator used to link multiple conditional expressions in a WHERE or HAVING clause. It requires that all conditional expressions evaluate to true<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AVG<br>A SQL aggregate function that outputs the mean for a specified column or expression<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BETWEEN<br>In SQL, a special comparison operator used to check whether a value is within a range of specified values<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boolean algebra<br>A branch of mathematics that uses the logical operators OR, AND, and NOT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cascading order sequence<br>A nested ordering sequence for a set of rows, such as a list in which all last names are alphabetically ordered and, within the last names, all first names are ordered<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>COMMIT<br>The SQL command that permanently writes data changes to a database<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>COUNT<br>A SQL aggregate function that outputs the number of rows containing not null values for a given column or expression, sometimes used in conjunction with the DISTINCT clause<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CREATE INDEX<br>A SQL command that creates indexes on the basis of a selected attribute or attributes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CREATE TABLE<br>A SQL command that creates a table&#8217;s structures using the characteristics and attributes given<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DELETE<br>A SQL command that allows data rows to be permanently removed from a table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DISTINCT<br>A SQL clause that produces only a list of values that are different from one another<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DROP INDEX<br>A SQL command used to delete database objects such as tables, views, indexes, and users<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DROP TABLE<br>A SQL command used to delete database objects such as tables, views, indexes, and users<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>EXISTS<br>In SQL, a comparison operator that checks whether a subquery returns any rows<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>FROM<br>A SQL clause that specifies the table or tables from which data is to be retrieved<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>GROUP BY<br>A SQL clause used to create frequency distributions when combined with any of the aggregate functions in a SELECT statement<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>HAVING<br>A clause applied to the output of a GROUP BY operation to restrict selected rows<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IN<br>In SQL, a comparison operator used to check whether a value is among a list of specified values<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>inner query<br>A query that is embedded or nested inside another query<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>INSERT<br>A SQL command that allows the addition of one or more data rows into a table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>International Organization for Standardization (ISO)<br>An organization formed to develop standards for diverse network systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IS NULL<br>In SQL, a comparison operator used to check whether an attribute&#8217;s text value matches a specified string pattern<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MAX<br>A SQL aggregate funciton that yields the maximum attribute value in a given column<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MIN<br>A SQL aggregate function that yields the minimum attribute value in a given column<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>nested query<br>In SQL, a query that is embedded in another query<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NOT<br>A SQL logical operator that negates a given predicate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>OR<br>The SQL logical operator used to link multiple conditional expressions in a where or HAVING clause. It requires only one of the conditional expressions to be true<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ORDER BY<br>A SQL clause that is useful for sorting the output of a SELECT query<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ROLLBACK<br>A SQL command that restores the database table contents to the condition that existed after the last COMMIT statement<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>rules of precedence<br>Basic algebraic rules that specify the order in which operations are performed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>subquery<br>A query that is embedded (or nested) inside another query<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SUM<br>A SQL aggregate function that yields the total of all values for given column or expression<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UPDATE<br>A SQL command that allows attribute values to be changed in one or more rows of a table<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>WHERE<br>A SQL clause that adds conditional restrictions to a SELECT statement that limit the rows returned by the query<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>wildcard character<br>A symbol that can be used as a general substitute<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>business intelligence (BI)<br>A comprehensive, cohesive, and integrated set of tools and processes used to capture, collect, integrate, store, and analyze data with the purpose of generating and presenting information to support business decision making<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>cube cache<br>In multidimensional OLAP, the shared, reserved memory area where data cubes are held<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dashboards<br>In business intelligence, a web-based system that presents key business performance indicators or information in a single, integrated view with clear and concise graphics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data cube<br>The multidimensional data structure used to store and manipulate data in a multidimensional DBMS. The location of each data value is based on its x y and z axes. They are static, meaning they must be created before they are used, so they cannot be created by an ad hoc query<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data mart<br>A small, single-subject data warehouse subset that provides decision support to a small group of people<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data visualization<br>Abstracting data to provide information in a visual format that enhances the user&#8217;s ability to effective comprehend the meaning of the data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>data warehouse<br>An integrated, subject-oriented, time-variant, nonvolatile collection of data in a specialized database that stores historical and aggregate data in a format that provides support for decision making<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>decision support system (DSS)<br>An arrangement of computerized tools used to assist managerial decision making within a business<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>dimension tables<br>In a data warehouse, tables used to search, filter, or classify facts within a star schema<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>drill down<br>To decompose data into more atomic components &#8211; that is, data at lower levels of aggregation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)<br>In a data warehousing environment, the integrated processes of getting data from original sources into the data warehouse. It includes retrieving data from original data sources, manipulating the data into an appropriate form, and storing the data in the data warehouse<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>governance<br>In business intelligence, the methods for controlling and monitoring business health and promoting consistent decision making<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>key performance indicators (KPIs)<br>In business intelligence, quantifiable numeric or scale-based measurements that assess a company&#8217;s effectiveness or success in reaching strategic and operational goals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>master data management (MDM)<br>In business intelligence, a collection of concepts, techniques, and processes for the proper identification, definition, and management of data elements within an organization<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>multidimensional database management systems (MDBMSs)<br>A database management system that uses proprietary techniques to store data in matrix-like arrays of n dimensions known as cubes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>multidimensional online analytical processing (MOLAP)<br>An extension of online analytical processing to multidimensional database management systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>portals<br>In terms of business intelligence, a unified, single point of entry for information distribution<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>relational online analytical processing (ROLAP)<br>Analytical processing functions that use relational databases and familiar relational query tools to store and analyze multidimensional data<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>roll up<br>1) To aggregate data into summarized components, that is, higher levels of aggregation; 2) In SQL, an OLAP extension used with the GROUP BY clause to aggregate data by different dimensions; 3) opposite of drill down<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>slice and dice<br>The ability to focus on slices of a data cube (drill down or roll up) to perform a more detailed analysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sparsity<br>In multidimensional data analysis, a measurement of the data density held in the data cube<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>very large databases (VLDBs)<br>Database that contains huge amounts of data &#8211; gigabyte, terabyte, and petabyte ranges are not unusual<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D426 data management foundations oa exam questions and answersD426 data management foundations oa exam questionsD426 data management foundations oa exam answersdata management &#8211; foundations &#8211; d426data management &#8211; foundations &#8211; d426 redditdata management &#8211; foundations \u2013 c175 quizletdata management &#8211; foundations &#8211; c175 redditdata management foundations wgu Which requirement within large, complex databases ensures users 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