{"id":112287,"date":"2023-08-15T12:28:35","date_gmt":"2023-08-15T12:28:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=112287"},"modified":"2023-08-15T12:28:41","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T12:28:41","slug":"gi-advanced-pathophysiology-exam-2023-2024-actual-exam-200-questions-and-correct-detailed-answers-100-verified-answers-already-graded-a-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/08\/15\/gi-advanced-pathophysiology-exam-2023-2024-actual-exam-200-questions-and-correct-detailed-answers-100-verified-answers-already-graded-a-2\/","title":{"rendered":"GI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>GI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2023-2024<br>ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT<br>DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS)<br>|ALREADY GRADED A+<br>If we have a plug so bile can&#8217;t get out of the liver (e.g. cholelithiasia), what<br>happened to bilirubin? &#8211; ANSWER- increased conjugated bilirubin. &#8211;&gt; Jaundice<br>(The liver converts ammonia to urea for excretion in the urine.)<br>What are the three causes for jaundice? &#8211; ANSWER- 1. prehapatic: increased<br>indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li>hepatocellular: e.g. ETOH, hepatitis that increase direct bilirubin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cholestatis\/obstructive: increase direct bilirubin<br>When patient has cholelithiasia, what color of stool and urine would he have? &#8211;<br>ANSWER- &#8211; Stool: pale, white, clay because no bilirubin in the stool.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dark urine because elevated direct bilirubin goes to the nephrons and excrete in<br>the urine.<br>In a liver dysfunction, urea synthesis is inadequate. What happens? &#8211; ANSWERincreased blood ammonia level (NH3). &#8211;&gt; hepatic encephalopathy<br>What is the normal amino acid breakdown process? &#8211; ANSWER- amino acid<br>breakdown &#8211;&gt; ammonia &#8211;&gt; urea, excreted in urine. On standing, urea in urine<br>reverts to ammonia.<br>What are the correct precipitating factors of hepatic encephalopathy? &#8211; ANSWER1. decreased potassium, sodium, and oxygen (O2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li>increased Co2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>alkalosis, infection, hemorrhage, increased protein intake, renal failure,<br>constipation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sedatives<br>What does Lactulose (Cephulac) do? &#8211; ANSWER- Decreases pH of colon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>decreased production of ammonia (NH3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reduced diffusion of NH3 from colon into blood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cathartic excretion of NH3.<br>Due to liver dysfunction, toxins and hormones are accumulated. What are the three<br>outcomes from it? &#8211; ANSWER- * Accumulation of toxins and hormones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li>feminization (excess estrogens)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>poor metabolism of drugs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>spider nevi (estrogen)<br>What happened to AST and ALT levels in a patient with liver dysfuction? &#8211;<br>ANSWER- Release of marker enzymes into body: elevated AST and ALT<br>Explain the portal circulation system? &#8211; ANSWER- All blood from the GI tract<br>goes to the liver to metabolize and absorb nutrition, then goes out through the<br>hepatic vein to vena cava. If the liver is not working then blood backs up in the<br>portal vein which leads to portal hypertension.<br>What causes portal hypertension and what are its complications? &#8211; ANSWERLiver fibrosis and degeneration causes backup of blood into portal circulation.<br>Increased pressure (hydrostatic pressure) causes varices, ascites, anorexia,<br>hemorrhoids.<br>What are the three medication treatments for esophageal varices? &#8211; ANSWER- 1.<br>vasopressin (Pitressin) = ADH has a vasoconstriction effect. Side effect: MI (Give<br>NTG), hyponatremia. (ADH: holds on to water)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Octreotide: reduce portal blood flow.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metoclopramide (Reglan): esophageal muscle constriction. neuromuscular<br>disorder side effect.<br>What other medical treatments are there for esophageal varices? &#8211; ANSWEREGD- sclerosis, ligation\/banding, Balloon tamponade.<br>transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. (shunt between portal vein and<br>hepatic vein)<br>What are the two major causes of ascites? &#8211; ANSWER- Ascites is accumulation of<br>fluid in the peritoneal space.<br>Portal hypertension (increased hydrostatic pressure) + hypoalbuminemia<br>(decreased oncotic pressure).<br>What are the two major complications with hepatic ascities? &#8211; ANSWERperitonitis and esophageal varices.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Why do you give albumin for paracentesis? &#8211; ANSWER- to prevent hypotension.<br>What are the two medications causing GERD? &#8211; ANSWER- tricyclics and<br>anticholinergics<br>What are the complications of GERD? &#8211; ANSWER- 1. . Barrett&#8217;s esophagus<br>(esophageal lining replaced with columnar epithelium, premalignant) 2. aspiration<br>pneumonia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\">\n<li>bronchospasms (45-65% w asthma have GERD).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>strictures of esophagus.<br>What are the medication options for GERD? &#8211; ANSWER- &#8211; antiacids, H2 blockers,<br>proton pump inhibitors (PPI).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gaviscon: breaks down gas bubbles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Metoclopramide (reglan): increases GI motality &#8211;&gt; increases gastric emptying<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bethanecol (Urecholine) = cholinergic drugs increases GI motality &#8211;> increases<br>gastric emptying; increases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone.<br>What is a surgical option for GERD? &#8211; ANSWER- Nissen fundoplication.<br>What is the difference between sliding hiatal hernia and rolling hital hernia? &#8211;<br>ANSWER- Sliding hiatal hernia is that fundus moves up through and rolling<br>(paraesophageal) hernia is that part of stomach slips up. Both increases a chance of<br>stomach contents getting up in the esophagus.<br>What are the two surgical repairs for hital hernia? &#8211; ANSWER- laparoscopic<br>fundoplication and endoscopic fundoplication.<br>What are the contributing factors of gastritis? &#8211; ANSWER- ETOH, caffeine,<br>smoking, ASA, steroids, reflux of duodenal contents, bacterial endotoxins (H.<br>pylori, e. coli), radiation<br>what condition does a specific hyperacidity test for? &#8211; ANSWER- Zollinger-Ellison<br>Syndrome<br>What are the medication choices for gastritis? &#8211; ANSWER- PPI, H2 blockers,<br>Cytotec = misoprostol (acts as prostaglandin protecting the lining of the stomach)<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>GI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2023-2024ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECTDETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED ANSWERS)|ALREADY GRADED A+If we have a plug so bile can&#8217;t get out of the liver (e.g. cholelithiasia), whathappened to bilirubin? &#8211; ANSWER- increased conjugated bilirubin. &#8211;&gt; Jaundice(The liver converts ammonia to urea for excretion in the urine.)What are the three causes for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-112287","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=112287"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112287\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=112287"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=112287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}