{"id":112385,"date":"2023-08-15T16:54:24","date_gmt":"2023-08-15T16:54:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=112385"},"modified":"2023-08-15T16:54:30","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T16:54:30","slug":"msn-277-exam-2-latest-2023-2024-actual-exam-questions-and-correct-answers-already-graded-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/08\/15\/msn-277-exam-2-latest-2023-2024-actual-exam-questions-and-correct-answers-already-graded-a\/","title":{"rendered":"MSN 277 EXAM 2 LATEST 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>lOMoAR cPSD|19500986<br>MSN 277 EXAM 2 LATEST 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS<br>AND CORRECT ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+<br>Genetics and Genomics<br>Quick facts:<br>Genes \u2013 basic unit of heredity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Controls how cells in body function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Produce proteins that perform only 1 specific function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Composed of sequences of DNA \u2013 found along a person\u2019s chromosomes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Passed from one generation to next<br>Genome \u2013 complete set of DNA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contains all of organism\u2019s gene<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Has info for organism to build and maintain itself<br>Genetics \u2013 the study of genes and their role in inheritance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determines how certain traits or conditions passfrom one generation to the next<br>through genes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A person\u2019s genes can have profound impact on health and disease \u2013 more than<br>4k disease believed to be related to altered genes<br>Genomics \u2013 the study of a person\u2019s genes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determines how genes interact w\/ other genes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determines how genes interact w\/the person\u2019s environment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Studies complex diseases \u2013 typically caused by combination of genetic and<br>environmental factors rather than 1 single gene alteration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps us understand why disparities exist<br>o Ex: person A eats healthy and exercises but dies at young age and person<br>B eats unhealthy and never exercises but lives to old age based on<br>person\u2019s genes<br>The Basics of Genetics<br>Genes \u2013 approx. 30k genes in each person\u2019s genome<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Has specific location on chromosome<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Controls how cellsfunction \u2013 growth, cell division, longevity, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Correct code is essential proteins are made correctly, functions perform<br>properly<br>Alleles \u2013 possible form of a gene<br>1) Dominant \u2013 if heterozygous for trait (possess both alleles \u201cBb\u201d) dominant<br>is expressed<br>2) Recessive \u2013 not expressed if dominant allele is present<br>Phenotype \u2013 physical traits a person expresses \u2013 height, eye\/hair color, etc.<br>Genotype \u2013 genetic make up of a person \u2013 comprised of all genes inherited from each<br>parent<br>Chromosomes \u2013 hangout inside cell\u2019s nucleus \u2013 occur in pairs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Each cell contains 23 pairs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>lOMoAR cPSD|19500986<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1<br>st 22 pairs = autosomes \u2013 same in both sex<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>23rd pair = sex chromosome \u2013 male determines sex of baby<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>XX = female, XY = male<br>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) \u2013 molecule that contains our unique genetic code \u2013 \u201crecipe<br>book\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Genes are made up of DNA \u2013 stores genetic info<br>Genetic Mutations \u2013 permanent change or alteration in DNA sequence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Range in size<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can affect single DNA block up to large segment of chromosome<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can result in development of disease in person<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can result in \uffea risk of disease<br>2 types of mutations:<br>1) Germline mutations \u2013 inherited from parent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis<br>2) Acquired (somatic) mutations \u2013 changes that occur in DNA at any point in life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cannot be passed on to next generation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mistake made as DNA isreplicating during cell division or environment factor<br>alters DNA<br>o Ex: not wearing sunscreen skin cancer<br>o Ex: smoking lung cancer<br>o Ex: chemotherapy leukemia or lymphoma<br>Inheritance Patterns \u2013 describes how disease istransmitted in families<br>4 types of patterns:<br>1) Autosomal dominant \u2013 only 1 copy of disease allele is necessary for individual<br>to be susceptible to expressing phenotype<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>50% chance of inheritance<br>o Ex: breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Huntington\u2019s disease, Marfan<br>syndrome<br>2) Autosomal recessive \u2013 2 copy of disease required to be susceptible to<br>expressing phenotype<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parents are gene carriers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>25% chance of 2 alleles or none<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>50% chance of 1 allele<br>o Ex: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease<br>3) X-Linked \u2013 only 1 copy of disease allele required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both males and females affected<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Males more severely affected<br>o Ex: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia<br>4) Y-Linked \u2013 only on Y chromosome<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only males affected<br>o Ex: infertility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>lOMoAR cPSD|19500986<br>Genetic Screening and Testing<br>Genetic screening \u2013 1<br>st level of detection at risk but no symptoms or family Hx<br>Genetic testing \u2013 focused on individuals and families for specific reason show \uffea risk,<br>has symptoms or family Hx<br>Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) \u2013 federal law that protects<br>individuals\u2019 discrimination w\/ health insurance and employment<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Illegal for insurance companiesto request or require or use genetic info to make<br>decision about eligibility for health insurance<br>Direct-to-consumer testing \u2013 genetic tests marketed directly to consumersthrough<br>advertisement<br>Genetic technology \u2013 moving at fast pace finger print testing<br>Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics<br>Because everyone has different genetic make up, different people have different reactionsto<br>drugs<br>Pharmacogenomics \u2013 the study of genetic variation associated w\/ drug response in<br>multiple genes<br>Pharmacogenetics \u2013 the study of genetic variability drug responsesrelated to variations<br>in single gene<br>Future: tailor-made drugs \u2013 development of drugs made to adapt to each individual<br>person\u2019s genetic make up (personalized medication)<br>Gene Therapy \u2013 replacesfaulty gene or adds new gene in attempt to cure disease or improve<br>body\u2019s ability to fight disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Experimental therapy only used in pt who have disease where there is no cure<br>lethal or disabling disease caused by single gene deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does not prevent passing mutation to offspring<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In U.S., currently only available as clinical trial<br>3 focus areas:<br>1) Replacing \u2013 if gene is not doing its proper action<br>2) Inactivating \u2013 turn off gene so no longer promote disease<br>3) Introducing \u2013 making disease more evident to immune system because<br>system does not recognize disease cells<br>Stem Cell Therapy<br>Stem cell \u2013 cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated<br>can divide to form more cells called daughter cells new stem cells or specialized cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Function isto regenerate lost tissue and restore function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ability to remain unspecialized or differentiate<br>Derived from:<br>1) Embryo \u2013 \u201cpluripotent stem cells\u201d, early stage of development (3-5 days old<br>blastocyst \u2013 made of approx. 150 cells total)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used to regenerate or repair tissue in damaged\/diseased organs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>lOMoAR cPSD|19500986<br>2) Adult \u2013 found in small # in bone marrow or fat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>More limited in developing into various cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May not be as versatile or durable as embryonic stem cells had more exposure<br>to toxin\/damages<br>MODULE 8<br>Hematologic Problems<br>Quick facts:<br>Hematology \u2013 the study of blood and blood forming tissues<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bone marrow<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spleen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lymphatic system<br>Hematologic system:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps transport O2 and CO2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains intravascular volume coagulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helpsfight infection<br>3 main hematologic problems:<br>1) Anemia<br>2) Thrombocytopenia<br>3) Neutropenia<br>Anemia \u2013 tissues become hypoxic because they are not getting the O2 they need<br>A deficiency in:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li># of erythrocytes (RBC) carries Hgb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>quantity or quality of hemoglobin (Hgb) Fe-rich protein that attaches to lungs<br>and carries O2 throughout body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>volume of packed RBC (hematocrit)<br>3 causes of Anemia:<br>1) \uffea RBC production<br>2) Blood loss<br>3) \uffea RBC destruction<br>Diagnosis based on:<br>1) Complete blood count (CBC) \u2013 measures all cells that make up blood (RBC,<br>WBC, platelets)<br>2) Peripheral blood smear \u2013 looks at morphology (shape and appearance of<br>RBC)<br>3) Reticulocyte count \u2013 measures how fast reticulocytes (RBC) are made by<br>bone marrow and released into blood<br>Classified by morphology:<br>\u201ccytic\u201d = size<br>\u201cchromic\u201d = content (high or low)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Normochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>lOMoAR cPSD|19500986MSN 277 EXAM 2 LATEST 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONSAND CORRECT ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+Genetics and GenomicsQuick facts:Genes \u2013 basic unit of heredity lOMoAR cPSD|19500986 lOMoAR cPSD|19500986Genetic Screening and TestingGenetic screening \u2013 1st level of detection at risk but no symptoms or family HxGenetic testing \u2013 focused on individuals and families for specific reason show [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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