{"id":112650,"date":"2023-08-15T19:27:16","date_gmt":"2023-08-15T19:27:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=112650"},"modified":"2023-08-15T19:27:18","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T19:27:18","slug":"nr-545-final-exam-2023-2024-actual-exam-study-guide-with-questions-and-detailed-answersalready-graded-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/08\/15\/nr-545-final-exam-2023-2024-actual-exam-study-guide-with-questions-and-detailed-answersalready-graded-a\/","title":{"rendered":"NR 545 FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS||ALREADY GRADED A+"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>NR 545 FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE<br>WITH QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS||ALREADY<br>GRADED A+<br>Week 7 : renal and urological disorders<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Questions can include pathophysiology, health assessment (normal and abnormal), and pharmacologic treatment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Review required readings, course lectures, case study and learning activity.<br>Fluid and electrolyte balance- processes in the kidney<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hormones controlsreabsorption of fluid and electrolytes<br>o Antidiuretic hormone<br>\u25aa From posterior pituitary; controls reabsorption of water by altering permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct<br>o Aldosterone<br>\u25aa Secreted by adrenal cortex; controlssodium reabsorption and water by exchanging Na ions for K or hydrogen ions in distal convoluted<br>tubule<br>o Atrial natriuretic hormone<br>\u25aa From heart; 3<br>rd hormone controlling fluid balance by reducing Na and fluid reabsorption in kidneys<br>Renal circulation process<br>Laboratory testing- purpose and interpretation ; Age related urinary changes ; Conditions\/diagnoses associated with urine color changes<br>Diagnostic test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Urinalysis<br>o Constituents and characteristics of urine may vary w\/ dietary intake, drugs, and care w\/ which specimen is handled<br>o Urine is normally: clear, straw colored and has mild color<br>o Urine pH is 4.5-8.0<br>o Appearance<br>\u25aa Cloudy indicate presence of large amounts of protein, blood cells or bacteria and pus<br>\u25aa Dark color indicate hematuria (blood), excessive bilirubin content or highly concentrated urine<br>\u25aa Unpleasant or unusual odor indicate infection or result from certain dietary components or medications<br>o Abnormal constituents(present in significant quantities)<br>\u25aa Blood (hematuria)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>small (microscopic) amounts of blood indicates infection, inflammation, or tumors in urinary tract<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>large numbers of RBC (gross hematuria) indicates increased glomerular permeability or hemorrhage in tract<br>\u25aa protein (proteinuria, albuminuria)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>indicatesleakage of albumin or mixed plasma proteinsinto filtrate d\/t inflammation and increased glomerular<br>permeability<br>\u25aa bacteria (bacteriuria) and pus (pyuria)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>indicatesinfection in urinary tract<br>\u25aa urinary casts (microscopic sized molds of tubules, consisting of one or more cells (bacteria, protein, and so on))<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>indicatesinflammation of kidney tubules<br>\u25aa specific gravity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>indicates ability of tubulesto concentrate the urine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>very low specific gravity= dilute urine; related to renal failure<br>\u25aa glucose and ketones(ketoacids)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>found when DM is not well controlled<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>blood test<br>o elevated serum urea (BUN and Cr)<br>\u25aa indicate failure to excrete nitrogen wastes d\/t decreased GFR<br>\u25aa resultsfrom protein metabolism<br>o metabolic acidosis (decreased pH and Bicarb)<br>\u25aa indicate decreased GFR and failure of tubulesto control acid-base balance<br>o anemia (low hgb)<br>\u25aa indicated decreased erythropoietin secretion and\/or bone marrow depression d\/t accumulated wastes<br>o electrolytes<br>\u25aa depend on related fluid balance<br>\u25aa retention of fluid= GFR is decreased and may result in dilution effect<br>o antibody level antistreptolysin O (ASO) or antistreptokinase (ASK)<br>\u25aa used for dx of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis<br>o renin<br>\u25aa indicate cause of HTN<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>other test<br>o culture and sensitivity on urine specimens<br>\u25aa used to identify the causative organism in urinary infection and select drug tx<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>o clearance testsuch as Cr or insulin clearance or radioisotopestudy<br>\u25aa used to assess GFR<br>o radiologic testsuch asradionuclide imagining, angiography, US, CT, MRI and IV pyelography(IVP)<br>\u25aa used to visualize structures and abnormalities in urinary system<br>o cystoscopy<br>\u25aa visualizes lower urinary tract and may be used in performing a biopsy or removing kidney stones<br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>NR 545 FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM STUDY GUIDEWITH QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS||ALREADYGRADED A+Week 7 : renal and urological disorders o clearance testsuch as Cr or insulin clearance or radioisotopestudy\u25aa used to assess GFRo radiologic testsuch asradionuclide imagining, angiography, US, CT, MRI and IV pyelography(IVP)\u25aa used to visualize structures and abnormalities in urinary systemo cystoscopy\u25aa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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