Atrophy – E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
Hypertrophy – E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
Hyperplasia – E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r\/t hormones
Dysplasia – E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N\/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
Metaplasia – E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N\/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r\/t cigarette smoke
Hypoxia injury – E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS – E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer’s, heart disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol – E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation
and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
1 \/ 2
Oncosis – Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain
infections
Fatty Infiltration – intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification – accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r\/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification – accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r\/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.
Can also r\/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation – sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of
disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis – kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis – nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis – lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis – breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis – Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout – E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red
wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis – E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia,
crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia leads to cell death, cellular contents are released in bloodstream.
C.M. CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine,
hypercalcemia, renal failure
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin – Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen – GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Atrophy – E. Cells decrease in sizeP. Still functionalPhysiologic: thymus gland in early childhoodPathological: disuseHypertrophy – E. Increase in cell sizeP. Increased workloadPhysiologic: weightliftingPathologic: cardiomegaly from HTNHyperplasia – E. Increase in cell numberP. Increased cellular divisionPhysiologic: liver regenerationPathologic: endometrial- usually r\/t hormonesDysplasia – E. Cells change in size, shape, organizationP. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-114021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/114021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=114021"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/114021\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=114021"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=114021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}