{"id":116724,"date":"2023-08-25T18:32:22","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T18:32:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=116724"},"modified":"2023-08-25T18:32:24","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T18:32:24","slug":"wgu-d236-pathophysiology-exam-study-guide-with-100-verified-answers-2022-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/08\/25\/wgu-d236-pathophysiology-exam-study-guide-with-100-verified-answers-2022-2023\/","title":{"rendered":"WGU D236 pathophysiology Exam -Study Guide-With 100% verified answers-2022-2023"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

WGU D236 pathophysiology Exam -Study
Guide-With 100% verified answers-2022-
2023
Patho OA Study Guide<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. What is Starling’s Law of Capillary forces? How does this
    explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
    Starling\u2019s Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There
    are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure
    (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure,
    which pushes fluid into the capillaries). Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic
    pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte and protein
    concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space
    and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations. On, the other hand, low
    electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child) would
    cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can
    lead to edema.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
    result in increased blood volume and increased blood
    pressure?
    A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn
    begins to secrete renin. Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which
    is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
    Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial
    vasoconstriction which raises BP. Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to
    release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing
    blood volume, while also increased potassium secretion in urine.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
    Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq\/dL. Hyperkalemia refers
    to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq\/dL. A major function of potassium is to conduct
    nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can
    cause muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular
    heartbeat can cause a heart attack.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate
    Buffering System, and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to
    regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the
    consequence of a pH imbalance?
    Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH
    changes. Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein
    (denature), thereby affecting its function as well.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and
    respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg
    PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq\/L SaO2: 95-100% Respiratory acidosis and
    alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis
    Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2
    levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are
    the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2
    are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the
    imbalance and it is respiratory in nature. -If PCO2 is normal or is moving tin the same
    direction as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. The anion gap is the difference between measured cations
      (Na+ and K+) and measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this
      calculation can be useful in determining the cause of metabolic
      acidosis. Why would an increased anion gap be observed in
      diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis?
      The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood. Lactic acid
      and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a
      measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in
      the AG.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of
      glucose in the blood (ie describe the pathogenesis of
      diabetes)?
      Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the
      cells. Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP). In a normal individual, when blood
      glucose increases, the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin
      receptors on a cells surface and initiates the uptake of glucose. Glucose is a very
      reactive molecule and if left in the blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids,
      which can lead to loss of function. AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a
      result of glucose reacting with the endothelial lining, which can lead to damage in the
      heart and kidneys.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes
      Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will
      not be taken into the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is
      usually treated with insulin injections. Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to
      insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also
      leads to hyperglycemia. Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization
      to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-style changes or insulin injections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Describe some reasons for a patient needing dialysis AEIOUacidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication\/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients with kidney
      or heart failure. A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed
      from the blood using a semi-permeable membrane and dialysate. AEIOU: A\u2014acidosis; E
      \u2014electrolytes principally hyperkalemia; I\u2014ingestions or overdose of medications\/drugs;
      O\u2014overload of fluid causing heart failure; U\u2014uremia leading to encephalitis\/pericarditis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
      What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the
      other?
      Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while
      dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the
      <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      WGU D236 pathophysiology Exam -StudyGuide-With 100% verified answers-2022-2023Patho OA Study Guide acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis andrespiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels). Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm HgPO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq\/L SaO2: 95-100% Respiratory acidosis andalkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-116724","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116724","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=116724"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116724\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116724"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=116724"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=116724"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}