{"id":117031,"date":"2023-08-27T12:39:37","date_gmt":"2023-08-27T12:39:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=117031"},"modified":"2023-08-27T12:39:41","modified_gmt":"2023-08-27T12:39:41","slug":"portage-learning-microbiology-bundled-exams-questions-and-answers-with-verified-solutions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/08\/27\/portage-learning-microbiology-bundled-exams-questions-and-answers-with-verified-solutions\/","title":{"rendered":"PORTAGE LEARNING MICROBIOLOGY BUNDLED EXAMS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Portage Learning Microbiology Exam #1
Latest 2022 Already Passed
Microorganism \u2714\u2714Single cell (bacteria, archaeons, fungi, protozoa, algae)
Virus \u2714\u2714Not living, not considered microorganisms, considered microbes
Microbes \u2714\u2714Include microorganisms and viruses, can be advantageous or harmful
Cell \u2714\u2714Smallest, most basic biological unit of life
All cells are compromised of \u2714\u2714Macromolecules (building bloacks)
Four main types of macromolecules found ing cells \u2714\u2714Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
polysaccharides
Proteins \u2714\u2714Comprised of amino acids, facilitate movement of materials, act as enzymes to speed
up biochemical processes, structural role
Amino Acid \u2714\u2714Way proteins are formed by varying combinations, 20 different kinds
Each protein \u2714\u2714has its own unique sequence of amino acids
Essential Amino Acids \u2714\u2714human body cannot produce them, they must be taken in from the
environment through other sources (food you eat)
Nucleic Acid \u2714\u2714chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two types of nucleic acids \u2714\u2714DNA and RNA
DNA \u2714\u2714deoxyribonucleic acid, contains vast amount of hereditary info and is responsible for the
inheritable characteristics of living organisms, made from nucleotides
RNA \u2714\u2714ribonucleic acid, responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and
using it to synthesize proteins
Can DNA and RNA be found in the nucleus? \u2714\u2714Yes
Can DNA and RNA leave the nucleus? \u2714\u2714Only RNA. DNA is highly compact in the nucleus
Three parts of a nucleotide \u2714\u2714Nitrogenous base, sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group
Four kinds of nitrogenous bases \u2714\u2714Adenine or guanine (purine bases) and cytosine or thymine
(pyrimidine bases)
What forms the backbone of a DNA strand? \u2714\u2714Sugar and phosphate
What base protrudes outward from the deoxyribose sugar? \u2714\u2714Nitrogenous base
Strands from DNA produce a \u2714\u2714double helix (two strands held together by hydrogen bonding)
Adenine and Thymine \u2714\u2714Complimentary bases, form two hydrogen bonds
Guanine and Cytosine \u2714\u2714Complimentary bases, form three hydrogen bonds
RNA contains the _<\/strong> ribose rather than deoxyribose \u2714\u2714Sugar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Portage Learning: Microbiology Final
Exam Set Already Passed
Microbiology is the study of what? \u2714\u2714Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms
and viruses) and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life? \u2714\u2714A cell
What is a macromolecule? \u2714\u2714A macromolecule is classified as a complex molecule that is
composed from smaller subunits.
What are the four main types of macromolecules? \u2714\u2714Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and
carbohydrates
What various functions do proteins have in a cell? \u2714\u2714Proteins may facilitate the movement of
materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical
processes. Others play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? \u2714\u2714There are two major types of
nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are
chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of
hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms.
RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize
proteins.
What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of? \u2714\u2714The plasma membrane serves the
cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding
environment. The plasma membrane also restricts the movement of materials (water, nutrients,
etc) either in or out of the cell, thus allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

while also preventing the escape (out flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is
composed of lipids (hydrophobic hydrocarbons).
What are the three main components of polysaccharides? \u2714\u2714Polysaccharides are composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11
(sucrose) and C6H10O5 (cellulose).
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? \u2714\u2714Eukaryotic cells
contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell that contains the genetic material.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
What are the main morphologies of bacteria? \u2714\u2714Bacteria can be described as coccus
(round\/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral\/corkscrew).
Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions?
\u2714\u2714Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh environmental conditions such as high
salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures and oxygen-poor conditions.
What are the four main classifications of Eukarya? \u2714\u2714Eukaryotic microorganisms are classified
as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? \u2714\u2714No. Viruses are considered
neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and do not replicate on their
own, meaning they must replicate within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? \u2714\u2714The cell membrane is a bilayer
composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they contain a polar hydrophilic
(water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail region. The lipid
bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar tail groups face inward thus orienting the
polar head groups to interact with water both outside and inside of the cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the roles of
each. \u2714\u2714Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein synthesis), Golgi (protein
modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria (ATP generation) and
chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
Be able to identify the primary organelles within a cell as shown in Figures 1.4 \u2714\u2714Prokaryotic
Cell
Be able to identify the primary organelles within a cell as shown in Figures 1.5 \u2714\u2714Eukaryotic
Cell
Be able to identify the primary organelles within a cell as shown in Figures 1.6. \u2714\u2714EC magnified
True\/False. A virus is considered a microorganism. \u2714\u2714False.
Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can, however, be
classified as microbes, a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses.
What is the smallest biological unit of life? \u2714\u2714A cell
At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what? \u2714\u2714Macromolecules*
*A student may also answer: Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Carbohydrates, but they must
answer with all four to be fully correct.
How many different types of amino acids are available from which to make proteins? \u2714\u271420
How many amino acids are classified as being essential amino acids? \u2714\u27149<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? \u2714\u2714There are two major types of
nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are
chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of
hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms.
RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize
proteins.
Complete the following DNA strand, and indicate how many bonds are formed for each
complementary pair:
3′ GGTCATCG 5’5′ CC AGC 3′ \u2714\u27143′ GGTCATCG 5’5′ CCAGTAGC 3’There are 2 bonds formed
between A and T, and 3 bonds between G and C.
The plasma membrane (select all that are true):
A) Only restricts movement of materials into the cell.
B) Is often a bilyaer comprised of lipids
C) Cannot prevent essential nutrients from escaping
D)Contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward. \u2714\u2714B & D
How many carbon atoms are present in glucose? \u2714\u27146, The molecular formula of Glucose is
C6H12O6
True of False: Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. \u2714\u2714False, Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus
(prokaryotic cells do not).
True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea. \u2714\u2714True
True or False: Archaea is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions. \u2714\u2714True, Archaea
can often be found in harsh conditions such as high salt levels, high acid conditions, high
temperatures and even oxygen-poor conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Portage Learning: Microbiology Module
1 with Complete Answers
Microbiology is the study of what? \u2714\u2714Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms
and viruses) and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life? \u2714\u2714A Cell
What is a macromolecule? \u2714\u2714A macromolecule is classified as a complex molecule that is
composed from smaller subunits.
What are the four main types of macromolecules? \u2714\u27141. Carbohydrates<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Lipids<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Proteins<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Nucleic Acids
    What various functions do proteins have in a cell? \u2714\u2714Proteins may facilitate the movement of
    materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical
    processes. Others play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
    What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? \u2714\u2714There are two major types of
    nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are
    chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of
    hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms.
    RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize
    proteins.
    What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of? \u2714\u2714The plasma membrane serves the
    cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Portage Microbiology Lab Exam 3 Latest
    2022
    List the four main steps used to prepare a DRY mount, and indicate which step is optional. \u2714\u27141<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Clean slide2 – Circle area on slide for specimen placement (OPTIONAL)3 – Apply organism to
      slide4 – Air dry at room temperature
      Why is it important to first clean your slide before applying your sample? \u2714\u2714You must first
      remove any unwanted contaminants from the slide otherwise it may be difficult to distinguish
      between the pathogen of interest and a contaminant.
      You wish to study the motility of a particular bacterium. What type of mounting technique would
      you use? Explain your answer. \u2714\u2714A wet mount technique is the best technique to use when
      studying motility of an organism because the sample remains viable (heat fixing kills the sample).
      What dye do Gram-positive bacteria primarily retain? \u2714\u2714crystal violet
      Why are Gram-positive bacteria able to retain the crystal violet dye? \u2714\u2714They contain a thick
      peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall that readily retains the dye.
      Identify the Gram status (positive or negative) and shape of the bacteria pictured below. \u2714\u2714Gramnegative; Bacillus (rod)
      When might you want to utilize a negative stain technique in the lab? What is the name of the
      primary dye used in this technique? \u2714\u2714A negative stain is used to identify organisms with an
      opaque structure. Nigrosin dye.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Portage Learning: Microbiology, Module
      3 \u2013 MICROSCOPY
      micrometer \u2714\u2714one millionth of a meter
      nanometer \u2714\u2714one billionth of a meter
      resolution and contrast \u2714\u2714two critical factors that influence our ability to see an object
      resolution \u2714\u2714the distance between two objects at which the objects still can be seen as separate
      greater \u2714\u2714the closer two objects are to each other the ______<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong> the resolution
      requirement
      contrast \u2714\u2714the difference in light absorbance between two areas (objects)
      lower \u2714\u2714the ____<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong> the contrast between an object and its background, the harder it
      will be to see the object
      bright field microscope \u2714\u2714simplest form of light, or optical, microscopy\/light, most often emitted
      from a standard halogen bulb, enters the microscope from the base (bottom) and is reflected via
      mirrors towards the sample
      condenser \u2714\u2714before the light reaches the sample, it first passes through a ____<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong>
      converging the light beams into a focused area on the sample
      iris diaphragm \u2714\u2714controls the amount of light that passes through the sample and into the
      objective lens<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      objective lens \u2714\u2714the lens closest to the sample and yields the greatest amount of magnification
      directly proportional \u2714\u2714the degree of magnification is __________<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong> to the amount
      of light needed\/to image samples clearly at higher magnifications, more light is required
      ocular lens \u2714\u2714eyepiece
      10x \u2714\u2714most common power of ocular lens
      total magnification \u2714\u2714objective x ocular lens=
      staining \u2714\u2714required due to the limitation of resolution on unstained cells, (i.e.) often the flat and
      transparent regions of a cell may appear invisible under bright field conditions\/with various dyes,
      these regions can become labeled and thus visualized.
      phase contrast microscope \u2714\u2714able to visualize certain structures that would otherwise be
      invisible\/ can provide detailed images of live cells without staining.\/uses specialized condensers
      and objectives, it amplifies the slight differences between cells and the surrounding medium
      (background) to make the cells highly distinguishable\/can be used to visualize cell movements
      dark field microscope \u2714\u2714can be used to greatly increase the contrast between a specimen and
      background, resulting in a dark background with bright objects in it\/reflects light off of the
      specimen at an angle\/does not permit the visualization of intracellular structures
      fluorescence microscope \u2714\u2714takes advantage of fluorescent molecules called fluorophores to
      visualize cells on a dark background\/ energy of the incoming light is in the form of the ultraviolet
      (UV) spectrum.
      UV light \u2714\u2714_<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong> excites different fluorophores at varying wavelengths, enabling
      scientists to use a wide array of colors during imaging<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Portage Learning: Microbiology Module
      4 Rated A+
      What is another name for a liquid growth media, and what are the basic components? \u2714\u2714Growth
      media in a liquid form is often referred to as nutrient broth. As the name implies its composition
      consists primarily of essential ‘ingredients’ such as a rich source of sugars, amino acids and
      vitamins. Together, a nutrient broth provides the microbe with a source of carbon\/energy, which,
      in turn, encourages its expansion.
      What is selective media? \u2714\u2714Selective media allows for only the growth of certain microbes while
      restricting the growth of all others.
      What is differential media? \u2714\u2714Differential media is used to distinguish between two (or more)
      related microbes.
      What are the requirements of a fastidious microbe? \u2714\u2714A fastidious microbe is an organism with
      complex growth requirements such that if absent it will not grow. Enriched medias thus contain
      these specific and essential nutrients required for the growth of a particular subset of
      microorganisms.
      What is agar? \u2714\u2714In its simplest form agar is liquid growth media that has had a hardening agent
      added to it. Agar is created when a polysaccharide derived from seaweed (algae) extract is added
      to growth media. Agar is used to create a solid, smooth surface on which microbes can grow.
      True or False: LB agar is classified as a non-selective, differential media. \u2714\u2714False. LB agar is
      both a non-selective and non-differential media. LB agar is often used to expand unknown
      microbial population because it encourages microbial growth due to the presence of universal
      nutrients (non-differential) and absence of restrictive factors (non-selective).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Microbiology final \/portage latest 2022
      100% pass
      Microbiology is the study of what \u2714\u2714microorganisms\/viruses and there biological processes
      What is the smallest biological unit of life? \u2714\u2714cell
      What is a macromolecule? \u2714\u2714a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a
      protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
      What are the 4 main types of macromolecules \u2714\u2714proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polysachrides
      What various functions do proteins have in a cell \u2714\u2714Proteins may facilitate the movement of
      materials in or out of a cell.
      Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or speed up, biochemical processes.
      Others play a structural role while other proteins, such as filaments, enable movement.
      What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? \u2714\u2714There are two major types of
      nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are
      chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of
      hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms.
      RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize
      proteins.
      What is the plasma membrane and what is it made up of? \u2714\u2714The plasma membrane serves the
      cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding
      environment. The plasma membrane also restricts the movement of materials (water, nutrients,
      etc) either in or out of the cell, thus allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      while also preventing the escape (out flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is
      composed of lipids (hydrophobic hydrocarbons).
      What are the three main components of polysaccharides? \u2714\u2714Polysaccharides are composed of
      carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
      Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) and C6H10O5 (cellulose).
      What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? \u2714\u2714Eukaryotic cells
      contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell that contains the genetic material.
      Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
      What are the main morphologies of bacteria? \u2714\u2714Bacteria can be described as coccus
      (round\/spherical),
      bacillus (rod),
      vibrio (curved rod)
      spirillum (spiral\/corkscrew).
      Which group (classification) of bacteria is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions?
      \u2714\u2714Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh environmental conditions such as high
      salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures and oxygen-poor conditions.
      What are the 4 main classifications of Eukarya \u2714\u2714Eukaryotic microorganisms are classified as
      either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista.
      Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? \u2714\u2714No. Viruses are considered
      neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and do not replicate on their
      own, meaning they must replicate within a host.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? \u2714\u2714The cell membrane is a bilayer
      composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they contain a polar hydrophilic
      (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail region. The lipid
      bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar tail groups face inward thus orienting the
      polar head groups to interact with water both outside and inside of the cell.
      What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the roles of
      each. \u2714\u2714Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
      ER (site of protein synthesis)
      Golgi (protein modification and distribution) lysosomes (waste disposal),
      mitochondria (ATP generation)
      chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
      True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living
      organisms in order to maintain life. \u2714\u2714True
      True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions. \u2714\u2714False. Enzymes
      are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
      What are usually metal ions known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction? \u2714\u2714Cofactors
      are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis reaction.
      Define catabolism \u2714\u2714the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler
      ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
      Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and repair phases of
      the cell? \u2714\u2714The anabolic process would be active as it (by definition) is involved in the building
      up of small complexes into larger complexes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Portage Microbiology Exam #3 Graded A
      What is the total magnification of a sample imaged with a 60x objective and a 10x eyepiece? (short
      answer) \u2714\u271460 x 10 = 600x magnification
      True or False: A cell that is adherent, flat, and unstained is easily identified using bright field
      microscopy \u2714\u2714False. Adherent, flat cells are almost invisible due to the limits on both resolution
      and contrast
      Which of the following could be seen clearly by the unaided eye? (multiple choice) \u2714\u2714Protozoa
      with diameter of 150um and skin cell with diameter of 1500 um (have to be greater than 100um
      Label the following unmarked microscope components by matching it with the components
      provided \u2714\u27141. Eyepiece<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Neck<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Fine adjustment knob<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Objective<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. Stage<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      5. Base
        This type of microscope is best suited for visualizing GFP, RFP and YFP proteins (given list of
        microscopes) \u2714\u2714Flourescence
        This type of microscope can provide detailed images of live cells without staining (given list of
        microscopes) \u2714\u2714Phase-Contrast
        This type of microscope is used to greatly increase the contrast between samples and background
        by reflecting light off of the specimen (given list of microscopes) \u2714\u2714Dark Field<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Portage Microbiology Lab Exam 1 Latest
        2022 Rated A+
        What three elements are used in an autoclave to sterilize equipment? \u2714\u27141. Heat 2. Pressure 3.
        Steam
        What type of incubator is pictured below? \u2714\u2714The picture below is a Fixed Incubator.
        What is the minimum temperature an autoclave must be set at to achieve sterile condition? \u2714\u2714The
        minimum temperature for an autoclave to reach sterile conditions is 125\u00b0C.
        If you are working in a lab in which an autoclave is not available, and you are pressed for time,
        which would you choose to best sterilize your equipment? Hot steam or hot air? Explain why you
        chose your answer. \u2714\u2714The best way to sterilize equipment if an autoclave is not available, it
        should be hot steam because it will sterilize the equipment in a matter of minutes while hot air
        could take hours to reach the same effect.
        At what temperature should you refrigerate bacterial samples? Explain why this is beneficial.
        \u2714\u27144\u00b0C. This temperature slows bacterial growth but does not stop it, thereby preserving the
        sample.
        What are the FOUR types of gloves presented in the lab video? \u2714\u2714Latex gloves, Nitrile gloves,
        Thermal cold gloves, Thermal heat gloves.
        At what temperature is the fixed incubator set to, as presented in the lab video? \u2714\u2714The fixed
        incubator should have a temperature of 37\u00b0C.
        What THREE rules were discussed in regards to lab safety that would protect you and others from
        contamination? \u2714\u27141. Never bring any food or drinks inside lab settings<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Portage Microbiology Lecture Exam 2
        Already Passed
        True or False. The \u03b2-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids. \u2714\u2714True
        True or False. Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living
        organisms in order to maintain life. \u2714\u2714True
        What is the term for metal ions that assist enzymes during the catalysis reaction? \u2714\u2714Cofactor
        The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions? \u2714\u27141.
        Glycolysis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. Fermentation or Respiration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. Electron Transport Chain
          What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose? \u2714\u2714Throughout the electron
          transport chain up to 34 molecules of ATP are formed. Glycolysis and fermentation\/respiration
          each yield only 2 STP.
          In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active?
          \u2714\u2714catabolism
          Define catabolism \u2714\u2714breakdown of larger molecules into subunits
          How many ATP does the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle produce per pyruvate?
          A. 1 ATP
          B. 2 ATP
          C. 4 ATP
          D. 34 ATP \u2714\u2714A<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          True or False: The Calvin cycle must occur in the absence of light. \u2714\u2714false
          Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. \u2714\u2714ADP undergoes
          phosphorylation to become energy-rich ATP. A phosphoryl group is added to ADP by way of
          photophosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, or oxidative-level phosphorylation. ATP
          is hydrolyzed in order to become ADP.
          Identify the reactants of the following chemical equation:
          Glucose + 2NAD+ \u2192 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP \u2714\u2714Glucose, 2NAD+
          True or False. The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the electron transport system.
          \u2714\u2714False
          The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following reactants: select all that apply.
          A. ATP
          B. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
          C. CO2
          D. NADPH
          E. H2O \u2714\u2714A, B, C, D, E
          In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where? \u2714\u2714The process of converting light
          energy into chemical energy (photophosphorylation) always occurs in the membrane.
          In the absence of glucose, which of the following can be used as alternative energy sources? Select
          all that apply.
          A. Lactose
          B. Nucleic acids
          C. Carbohydrates
          D. Lipids \u2714\u2714A, C, D<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Portage Learning: Microbiology Module
          5 Questions and Answers
          Define the concept of universal precautions. \u2714\u2714Universal precautions means any and all samples,
          whether known or unknown, are to be treated as potentially hazardous (or pathogenic) materials.
          What would a researcher be certain to note while analyzing a microbial sample? \u2714\u27141. Size and
          shape<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          1. Any observable motility<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          2. Gram status (positive or negative)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          3. The presence of any chemical reactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          4. Changes in color localized to the organism or the surrounding media<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          5. Capture (or draw) images of any of the characteristics described above
            Which non-selective yet differential agar plate should be used if a Streptococcus sample is
            suspected? \u2714\u2714A BAP (blood agar plate) would be the quickest way to identify and classify a
            potential streptococcus microbe based on its hemolytic properties.
            What disease can result if a patient with streptococcal pharyngitis goes untreated? \u2714\u2714Rheumatic
            fever occurs in approximately 3% of untreated cases of streptococcal pharyngitis, presenting
            approximately 2-3 weeks post-infection.
            Streptococcus, E. coli, pseudomonas, and klebsiella are all capable of causing what disease?
            \u2714\u2714All of the above foreign microbes are capable of causing septicemia, also known as blood
            poisoning.
            What is a facultative anaerobe? \u2714\u2714A facultative anaerobe is capable of growth under both aerobic
            (with oxygen) and anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen) condition.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            How can Staphylococcus be differentially tested? \u2714\u2714Staphylococcus species are capable of
            growth in the presence of bile salts.
            A bacterial swab is taken from a patient with impetigo and streaked across an MSA plate.
            Following incubation at 37C, what will be the color of the agar? \u2714\u2714The causative agent of
            impetigo is staph aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fermenting mannitol. Fermentation
            will lower the pH of the agar and change the dye color from red to yellow.
            If a patient were suspected to have tuberculosis (TB), which differential stain would you select
            and why? \u2714\u2714To stain for TB, one would utilize an acid-fast stain to best visual the foreign
            microbe. As a mycobacterium tuberculosis would stain poorly (indeterminate) using the Gram
            stain.
            According to the module, which mycobacterium infection will be treated free of charge by the
            World Health Organization (WHO)? \u2714\u2714Leprosy is completely curable using a multiple-drug
            therapy regimen consisting of various combinations of the drugs dapsone, rifampin and
            clofazimine\u2014all of which is given free of charge.
            What are the three main conditions caused by the botulism toxin? \u2714\u2714Foodborne, infant and
            wound. Foodborne botulism is often the result of improperly canned, contaminated, low-acidic
            foods such as green beans, corn and beats. Infant botulism occurs when children, usually under the
            age of 6 months consume foods containing the bacteria. A potential source of infant botulism is
            honey (which is why pediatricians recommend avoiding feeding honey to infants) but can also be
            found in common places such as soil. Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum bacteria colonize
            a deep wound, often a puncture such as those who inject street drugs such as heroine. As
            contaminated needles are injected through the skin, spores enter the body and, in the absence of
            oxygen, release the toxin.
            Why are infants (< 6 months) more susceptible to botulism? \u2714\u2714Due to infants still maturing
            intestinal tract and lack of an adult microbiota, the bacteria are able to colonize and produce the<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Module 2- Microbiology Portage
            Learning Questions and Answers 100%
            Pass
            cellular metabolism \u2714\u2714a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms to
            maintain life
            Enzymes \u2714\u2714a protein, or group of proteins, that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions
            Cofactors \u2714\u2714a small chemical component, usually metal ions, that assist and regulate enzymes
            during the catalysis reactions.
            enzymes break down proteins into what: \u2714\u2714amino acids
            enzymes break down lipids into what: \u2714\u2714glycerrol\/fatty acids
            enzymes break down polysaccharides into what: \u2714\u2714monosaccharides
            Anabolism \u2714\u2714the building up of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger
            complexes.
            Catabolism \u2714\u2714Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
            Phototrophs \u2714\u2714organisms that get energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP
            Chemotrophs \u2714\u2714organisms that obtain energy from chemicals found in the environment
            Organotrophs \u2714\u2714chemotrophs that remove electrons from organic compounds (such as glucose)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Lithotrophs \u2714\u2714chemotrophs that remove electrons from inorganic molecules (such as elemental
            sulfur)
            Heterotrophs \u2714\u2714a microorganism that cannot make its own food and must get carbon from
            organic molecules (ie. sugars)
            autotrophs \u2714\u2714Organisms that make their own food and derive their carbon from inorganic
            molecules (most often CO2)
            Phosphorylation \u2714\u2714The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly
            all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.
            3 Types of phosphorylation reaction that generates ATP: \u2714\u27141. Photophosphorylation – the use of
            light energy \/ 2. Substrate-level phosphorylation – the phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical
            compound is transferred and donated directly to ADP \/ 3. Oxidative phosphorylation – the energy
            released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP
            glucose metabolism \u2714\u2714The process by which cells commonly obtain energy by breaking the
            chemical bonds of glucose molecules and use this energy to form ATP. Yields up to 38 ATP and
            involves three distinct transitions.
            steps of glucose catabolism \u2714\u27141. Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to yield
            energy. Yields 2 ATP<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. Either fermentation or respiration yields 2 additional molecules of ATP<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            2. Electron Transport Chain produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma
              membrane<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              Portage Microbiology Exam #5
              Questions and Answers Already Passed
              Define the concept of universal precautions (short answer) \u2714\u2714Universal precautions means any
              and all samples, whether known or unknown, are to be treated as potentially hazardous (or
              pathogenic) materials
              List at lease 3 observations a researcher would be sure to note while assessing and unknown
              microbial sample (short answer) \u2714\u2714Need to note:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. Size and shape<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              2. Any observable motility<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              3. Gram status (positive or negative)
                While observing an unknown sample of limited amounts, a researcher must determine the
                following observations: 1) the presence of any motility and 2) its Gram status using the same
                sample- the liquid sample cannot be divided. Which would you determine first and why? (short
                answer) \u2714\u2714You must determine motility before determining Gram status. Motility requires a wet
                mount, while gram staining requires heat fixing the sample. If one were to begin with the gram
                stain, the heat fixation process would kill the organism, making any observations regarding
                motility impossible. The correct approach would be to place the liquid culture on a glass slide and
                determine its motility status. Next, the same liquid culture can be heat fixed and gram stained.
                A facultative anaerobe is a microorganism capable of growth under what conditions? (short
                answer) \u2714\u2714A facultative anaerobe is capable of growth under aerobic (with oxygen) and
                anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions
                True or False: The Lancefield groups are used to subdivide antigenic groups of alpha-hemolytic
                Streptococcus \u2714\u2714False. The Lancefield groups are used to subdivide beta-hemolytic strep<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                The distinctions for Lancefield subgroups lie in its: (select all that apply)
                A. Catalase activity
                B. Carbohydrate composition of antigens
                C. Hemolytic activity
                D. All of the above \u2714\u2714B. Carbohydrate composition of antigens
                Rheumatic fever displays _ hemolytic activity and occurs when _<\/em><\/strong> if left untreated
                \u2714\u2714Beta: strep. Pharyngitis
                True or False: Under most circumstances, staphylococcus can be found in ~80% of human
                population where it remains non-symptomatic \u2714\u2714False. Staphylococcus in only found (nonsymptomatic) in ~30% of the human population
                Define commensal bacteria (short answer) (know term and definition first) \u2714\u2714The bacterium
                neither harms nor benefits from the host from which it obtains nutrients
                How can staphylococcus be differentially tested? (short answer) \u2714\u2714Staphylococcus species are
                capable of growth in the presence of bile salts
                Symptoms of folliculitis \u2714\u2714Pus-filled lesions on skin or hair
                Symptoms of scalded-skin syndrome \u2714\u2714Ruptured-pustules; treated with penicilin
                Symptoms of Impetigo \u2714\u2714Childhood skin disease near mouth\/nose
                Symptoms of conjuctivitis \u2714\u2714Infections of thin, transparent scieral tissue
                Symptoms of ophthalmia neonatorum \u2714\u2714Infection occurs at time of birth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Portage Microbiology Exam #6
                Questions and Answers Already Passed
                True or False: Because the genome is contained within an enclosed space, (much like the nucleus
                of a cell) viruses are classified as eukaryotic \u2714\u2714False. Viruses are neither eukaryotic nor
                prokaryotic
                Describe the two basic components of a virus (short answer) \u2714\u2714A virus has 1. genomic material
                comprised of either DNA or RNA and 2. a capsid, a membrane-like protective structure that
                contains the genetic material, similar to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
                The _ surrounds the capsid of some viruses \u2714\u2714Envelope The envelope surrounds the _<\/em><\/strong> of some viruses \u2714\u2714Capsid
                True or False: You would expect to see a viral envelope on a virus infecting a plant cell \u2714\u2714False.
                The overwhelming majority of animal viruses are enveloped whereas the majority of plant or
                bacteria-infecting viruses are not
                True or False: You would expect to see a viral envelope on a virus infecting a bacterial cell
                \u2714\u2714False: Not all the viruses have envelopes
                Rank the following viruses based on their size from largest to smallest: orthomyxovirus,
                poliovirus, variolavirus \u2714\u2714Variolavirus>Orthomyxovirus>Poliovirus
                Rank the following viruses based on their size from largest to smallest:Paramyxovirus, Poliovirus,
                Smallpox virus \u2714\u2714Smallpox>Paramyxovirus>Poliovirus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                True or False: Viral replication occurs after it attaches and enters the host cell \u2714\u2714True. The viral
                genome is never replicated before attachment and entry
                True or False: Highly infectious viruses undergo genome replication prior to viral attachment and
                entry. \u2714\u2714False. The viral genome is never replicated before attachment and entry regardless of
                its level of infectivity.
                Place the following viral life cycle steps in order beginning with viral attachment and provide a
                description of each step (short answer) \u2714\u2714Uncoating: the viral capsid disassembles
                Release: New virus particles are produced and leave the cell
                Replication: the viral genome is the ‘blueprint’ to make copies of itself
                Attachment: viral receptors bind to host proteins on the surface of the cell
                Entry: the virus fuses with the host membrane and enters the cell
                New Infection: newly produced viruses that left the host cell now go on to infect new cells
                A virus that infects bacteria is called a _ and contains a _<\/em><\/strong> -side polygon capsid (fill in
                the blank) \u2714\u2714Bacteriophage; 20-sided
                True or False: Structurally bacteriophages are similar to viruses that infect animals \u2714\u2714False.
                Bacteriophages have a distinct composition and structure
                True or False. Structurally, bacteriophages are distinct from viruses that infect plant or animal
                cells. \u2714\u2714True. Bacteriophages are structurally distinct from viruses that infect plant and animals
                cells.
                Identify the following components of a bacteriophage (picture) \u2714\u27141. Capsid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                1. Collar<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                2. Tail<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                3. Base<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                4. Tail fibers<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                  Portage Learning: Microbiology Module
                  3 Latest 2022
                  Define the measurements micrometer and nanometer. \u2714\u2714A micrometer (\u00b5m) is defined as being
                  one-millionth of a meter and is commonly designated at 10-6 meters. A nanometer (nm) equals
                  10-9 m or one-billionth of a meter.
                  What are the two critical factors that influence your ability to see an object? \u2714\u2714Resolution and
                  contrast. Resolution refers to the distance between two objects at which the objects still can be
                  seen as separate. Poor or low resolution means two (or more) objects may appear as one. The
                  contrast is the difference in light absorbance between two objects. Poor contrast gives a high
                  background and makes the visualization of multiple objects difficult. For instance, trying to
                  identify 2 dark colored objects at night (low light = low contrast) versus the same 2 objects in the
                  middle of a sunny afternoon (bright light against 2 dark objects = high contrast).
                  If you wish to increase the amount of light going into a microscope, what part would you adjust?
                  \u2714\u2714The iris diaphragm controls the amount of light that passes through the sample and into the
                  objective lens. Thus, as you open the iris more light is permitted to pass through to illuminate the
                  sample.
                  As light passes through a microscope, what is the last piece that light passes before reaching your
                  eyes? \u2714\u2714Once light passes through the sample and the objective lens it is directed through the
                  ocular lens, or eyepiece, directly into your eye.
                  How is the total magnification of an object calculated? \u2714\u2714Total magnification is calculated by
                  multiplying the power of the objective and the power of the eyepiece. For instance, a 40x objective
                  with a 10x eyepiece would make an object appear (40 x 10) 400 times larger (400x).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Microbiology – Portage Module 2
                  Metabolism Already Passed
                  What is cellular metabolism? \u2714\u2714a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living
                  organisms in order to maintain life
                  What is an enzyme? \u2714\u2714a protein, or group of proteins, that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions
                  What is unique about enzymes? \u2714\u2714the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be
                  used repeatedly by the cell
                  What is a cofactor? \u2714\u2714a small chemical component, usually metal ions, that assist enzymes during
                  the catalysis reactions
                  Do cofactors serve as regulators of chemical reactions? \u2714\u2714Yes
                  In the absence of the proper cofactor what happens? \u2714\u2714enzymes are inactive
                  In the presence of the proper cofactor what happens? \u2714\u2714enzymes are active
                  In order to produce sufficient levels of energy what must microorganisms do? \u2714\u2714microorganisms
                  must break down complex nutrients into smaller, manageable (and useful) subunits
                  What 3 things must enzymes break down into smaller subunits? \u2714\u2714Enzymes must break down
                  proteins, lipids and polysaccharides into their smaller building-block molecules
                  Fats or lipids get broken down into what? \u2714\u2714glycerol\/fatty acids<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Most metabolic processes can be classified as either of what 2 things? \u2714\u2714catabolism or anabolism
                  What is catabolism? \u2714\u2714the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources
                  What is anabolism? \u2714\u2714the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular
                  units into larger complexes
                  The anabolic process is often used during what? \u2714\u2714growth and repair phases of the cell.
                  What would happen to cells without enzymes? \u2714\u2714Without enzymes and their ability to increase
                  the rate of a specific chemical reaction, these reactions would take too long and exhaust too much
                  energy. If a cell runs out of energy before the necessary reactions conclude, it dies.
                  What is the most widely used form of energy in the cells? \u2714\u2714adenosine triphosphate or ATP
                  Compare ATP to ADP \u2714\u2714ATP has energy to donate while ADP can accept energy (phosphate
                  group) to become ATP
                  How does ATP work and help give the cell energy? \u2714\u2714By donating available phosphate groups,
                  ATP transfers energy from catabolic (breaking down) reactions to be used for anabolism (building
                  up). This process of donating and\/or accepting energy is what fuels a cell to carry out the necessary
                  biochemical reactions for survival.
                  The way in which microbes produce ATP, specifically the starting source of electrons, tells us
                  what? \u2714\u2714It can also be used as a means to further differentiate and characterize microorganisms
                  How does a Phototroph acquire energy? \u2714\u2714It acquires energy from photons of light to generate
                  ATP from ADP<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Microbiology Portage – Module 4
                  Microbial Growth and Control Already
                  Passed
                  Expanding a given microbial population allows researchers to do what? \u2714\u2714to detect and assess
                  the microorganism more easily
                  What is Growth Media? \u2714\u2714Growth media is a liquid or solid formulated to support microbial
                  growth.
                  What does Growth Media contain? \u2714\u2714The media contains essential nutrients to provide the
                  microbe with a source of carbon\/energy. The nutrient composition often includes a rich source of
                  sugars, amino acids and vitamins.
                  What else can Growth Media also be called? \u2714\u2714Such media can also be referred to as a nutrient
                  broth and is commonly used to grow microbes in a suspension.
                  Describe LB media \u2714\u2714Perhaps the most common nutrient broth in the lab, LB media (lysogeny
                  broth) is a nutritionally rich liquid known for its ability to grow a vast array of microbes.
                  What is Selective Media? \u2714\u2714Selective media allows for only the growth of certain microbes and,
                  by extension, restricts the growth of all others.
                  How can Selective Media be accomplished? \u2714\u2714Such an approach can be accomplished in a
                  variety of ways including: using limiting amounts of nutrients, varying degrees of pH (being either
                  very acidic or very basic media), or various chemical additives that limit unwanted microbial
                  growth (i.e.) antibiotics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Describe how Selective Media works with Gram-Positive versus Gram-Negative bacteria. \u2714\u2714If a
                  plate is selective for Gram-Negative then it will only grow Gram-Negative bacteria on it. It will
                  not grow Gram-Positive bacteria on it.
                  What is Differential Media? \u2714\u2714Differential media distinguishes between two, often related,
                  microbes.
                  What is one way that a Differential Media can distinguish between Escherichia coli and
                  Salmonella? \u2714\u2714They are both Gram negative but can be distinguished by the presence (or
                  absence) of lactose fermentation.
                  If grown on the same differential media, E coli ferments lactose and turns the culture red.
                  In contrast, Salmonella does not ferment lactose and the culture remains white\/tan in color.
                  (This above example is probably on MacConkey agar)
                  What is a fastidious microorganism? \u2714\u2714an organism with complex growth requirements such that
                  if absent it will not grow
                  What are Enriched Medias used for? \u2714\u2714Enriched media is used to grow fastidious
                  microorganisms
                  Enriched Medias contain what? \u2714\u2714enriched medias contain the essential nutrients required for
                  the growth of this subset of microorganisms
                  Can a plate be a combination of selective, differential and enriched? \u2714\u2714Yes
                  Growth Media comes in what 2 forms? \u2714\u2714liquid and solid<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Portage Microbiology Module 2
                  Questions and Answers Rated A+
                  cellular metabolism \u2714\u2714a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in
                  order to maintain life
                  enzyme \u2714\u2714a protein, or group of proteins, that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions\/is not
                  consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell
                  cofactor \u2714\u2714a small chemical component, usually metal ions, that assist enzymes during the
                  catalysis reactions\/serve as regulators of chemical reactions: in their absence, enzymes are inactive
                  while in its presence enzymes are active
                  catabolism \u2714\u2714the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources
                  anabolism \u2714\u2714the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units
                  into larger complexes
                  anabolism \u2714\u2714used during growth and repair phases of the cell
                  ATP \u2714\u2714most widely used form of energy in the cells
                  donate\/accept \u2714\u2714ATP has energy to while ADP can __<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong> energy (phosphate
                  group) to become ATP
                  phototrophs \u2714\u2714acquire energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP
                  chemotrophs \u2714\u2714acquire energy from preformed (already existing) chemicals found in the
                  environment<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  organotrophs \u2714\u2714removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose
                  lithotrophs \u2714\u2714remove electrons from inorganic molecules such as elemental sulfur
                  carbon \u2714\u2714in order to carry out metabolic processes, microbes must also have a source of\u2026
                  heterotroph \u2714\u2714a microorganism that derives its carbon from organic molecules such as sugars
                  autotroph \u2714\u2714organisms that derive their carbon from inorganic molecules, most often from
                  carbon dioxide (CO2)
                  phosphorylation \u2714\u2714the addition of a phosphate group
                  photophosphorylation \u2714\u2714light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP
                  substrate-level phosphorylation \u2714\u2714the phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical compound is
                  transferred and donated (added) directly to ADP
                  phosphorylated reactive intermediate \u2714\u2714in substrate-level phosphorylation, the chemical
                  compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the\u2026
                  oxidative phosphorylation \u2714\u2714used by chemotrophs, the energy released by the chemical oxidation
                  of nutrients is used to reform ATP
                  glycolysis \u2714\u2714the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose
                  reactants \u2714\u2714molecules present and involved at the beginning of a chemical reaction<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Portage Learning Microbiology Exam #1Latest 2022 Already PassedMicroorganism \u2714\u2714Single cell (bacteria, archaeons, fungi, protozoa, algae)Virus \u2714\u2714Not living, not considered microorganisms, considered microbesMicrobes \u2714\u2714Include microorganisms and viruses, can be advantageous or harmfulCell \u2714\u2714Smallest, most basic biological unit of lifeAll cells are compromised of \u2714\u2714Macromolecules (building bloacks)Four main types of macromolecules found ing cells \u2714\u2714Proteins, nucleic acids, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-117031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117031"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117031\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=117031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}