SAUNDERS ATI PHARMACOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Week 1: Chapter 35 \u201cMaternity and Newborn Medications\u201d
Questions Answers and Rationales<\/p>\n\n\n\n
administered medication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
depression occurs?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI PHARMACOLOGY<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI PHARMACOLOGY<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI PHARMACOLOGY
ANS: D<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI NR293 Pharmacology Final Review Questions & Answers\/rationale.
1) A nurse is assessing a client who is taking levothyroxine. The nurse should recognize that which of the following
findings is a manifestation of levothyroxine overdose?
a) Insomnia
i) Rationale: Levothyroxine overdose will result in manifestations of hyperthyroidism, which include
Insomnia, tachycardia, and hyperthermia.
b) Constipation
i) Rationale: Constipation is a manifestation of hypothyroidism and indicates an inadequate dose of
levothyroxine.
c) Drowsiness
i) Rationale: Drowsiness is a manifestation of hypothyroidism and indicates an inadequate dose of
levothyroxine.
d) Hypoactive deep-tendon reflexes
i) Rationale: Hypoactive deep-tendon reflexes are manifestations of hypothyroidism and indicate an
inadequate dose of levothyroxine.
2) A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has been on levothyroxine for several months. Which of the following findings indicates a therapeutic response to the medication?
a) Decrease in level of thyroxine (T4)
i) Rationale: If the dose of this medication has been adequate, the nurse should see an increase in the T4.
b) Increase in weight
i) Rationale: If the dose of this medication has been adequate, the nurse should see a decrease in weight, as
hypothyroidism causes a decrease in metabolism with weight gain.
c) Increase in hr of sleep per night
i) Rationale: If the dose of this medication has been adequate, the nurse should see a decrease in the hr of
sleep per night, as hypothyroidism causes sluggishness with increased hr of sleep.
d) Decrease in level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
i) Rationale: In hypothyroidism, the nonfunctioning thyroid gland is unable to respond to the TSH, and no
endogenous thyroid hormones are released. This results in an elevation of the TSH level as the anterior
pituitary continues to release the TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland. Administration of exogenous thyroidhormones, such as levothyroxine, turns off this feedback loop, which results in a decreased level of TSH.
3) A nurse is reviewing the medication list for a client who has a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse
should recognize which of the following medications can cause glucose intolerance?
a) Ranitidine
i) Serum creatinine levels
b) Guafenesin
i) Drowsiness and dizziness
c) Prednisone
i) Glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia, patient might require increased dosage of hypoglycemic med.
d) Atorvastatin
i) Thyroid function tests.
4) A nurse is caring for a client receiving mydriatic eye drops. Which of the following clinical manifestations indicates
to the nurse that the client has developed a systemic anticholinergic effect?
a) Seizures
b) Tachypnea
c) Constipation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
i) Mydriatic eye drops can cause systemic anticholinergic effects such as constipation, dry mouth,
photophobia, and tachycardia.
d) Hypothermia
5) A nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and is receiving IV furosemide. The nurse should monitor the client for which
of the following electrolyte imbalances?
a) Hypernatremia
i) Rationale: The nurse should monitor the client who is receiving IV furosemide for hyponatremia.
b) Hyperuricemia
i) Rationale: The nurse should monitor the client who is receiving IV furosemide for hyperuricemia. The nurse should
instruct the client to notify the provider for any tenderness or swelling of the joints.
c) Hypercalcemia
i) Rationale: The nurse should monitor the client who is receiving IV furosemide for hypocalcemia.
d) Hyperchloremia
i) Rationale: The nurse should monitor the client who is receiving IV furosemide for hypochloremia.
6) A nurse is talking to a client who is taking a calcium supplement for osteoporosis. The client tells the nurse she is
experiencing flank pain. Which of the following adverse effects should the nurse suspect?
a) Renal stones
7) A nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed warfarin therapy for an artificial heart valve. Which of the following
laboratory values should the nurse monitor for a therapeutic effect of warfarin?
a) Hemoglobin
b) Prothrombin time (PT)
i) Rationale: This test is used to monitor warfarin therapy. For a client receiving full anticoagulant
therapy,should typically be approximately two to three times the normal value, depending on the
indication for therapeutic anticoagulation.
c) Bleeding time
d) Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8) A nurse is preparing to administer a dose of lactulose to a client who has cirrhosis. The client states, “I don’t need thismedication. I am not constipated.” The nurse should explain that in clients who have cirrhosis, lactulose is used to
decrease levels of which of the following components in the bloodstream?
a) Glucose
b) Ammonia
i) Rationale: Lactulose, a disaccharide, is a sugar that works as an osmotic diuretic. It prevents
absorption of ammonia in the colon. Accumulation of ammonia in the bloodstream, which occurs in
pathologic conditions of the liver, such as cirrhosis, may affect the central nervous system, causing
hepatic encephalopathy or coma.
c) Potassium
d) Bicarbonate
9) A nurse is educating a group of clients about the contraindications of warfarin therapy. Which of the following
statements should the nurse include in the teaching?
a) “Clients who have glaucoma should not take warfarin.”
b) “Clients who have rheumatoid arthritis should not take warfarin.”
c) “Clients who are pregnant should not take warfarin.”
i) Rationale: Warfarin therapy is contraindicated in the pregnant client because it crosses the placenta
and places the fetus at risk for bleeding.
d) “Clients who have hyperthyroidism should not take warfarin.”
10) A nurse is teaching a client who takes warfarin daily. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
a) “I have started taking ginger root to treat my joint stiffness.”
i) Rationale: Ginger root can interfere with the blood clotting effect of warfarin and place the client at risk for
bleeding. This statement indicates the client needs further teaching.
b) “I take this medication at the same time each day.”
i) Rationale: The client should take warfarin at the same time each day to maintain a stable blood level.
c) “I eat a green salad every night with dinner.”
i) Rationale: Green leafy vegetables are a good source of vitamin K, which can interfere with the clotting effects of
warfarin. Clients who are taking warfarin do not need to restrict dietary vitamin K intake but rather should maintain a
consistent intake of vitamin K in order to control the therapeutic effect of the medication.
d) “I had my INR checked three weeks ago.
i) ” Rationale: Clients who have been taking warfarin for more than 3 months should have their INR level checked every
2 to 4 weeks.
11) A patient is starting warfarin (Coumadin) therapy as part of treatment for atrial fibrillation. The nurse will
follow which principles of warfarin therapy? (Select all that apply.)
a) Teach proper subcutaneous administration
b) Administer the oral dose at the same time every day
c) Assess carefully for excessive bruising or unusual bleeding
d) Monitor laboratory results for a target INR of 2 to 3
e) Monitor laboratory results for a therapeutic aPTT value of 1.5 to 2.5 times the control value<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1
Pharmacology Midterm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2
Pharmacology Midterm
i. Rationale: This is not a necessary test related to lithium therapy.
d. Brain natriuretic peptide<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3
Pharmacology Midterm
i. Rationale: Use of glucocorticoids by metered dose inhaler can allow a
fungal overgrowth in the mouth. Rinsing the mouth after administration
can lessen the likelihood of this complication.
d. Limit caffeine intake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI Pharmacology
IMPORTANT LAB VALUES
\uf0b7 Sodium (Na): 136-145 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Calcium: 9.0-10 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Chloride: 98-106 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Bicarb HCO3: 21-28 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Potassium: 3.5-5.0 mg\/L
\uf0b7 Phosphorus PO4 : 3.0-4.5 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Magnesium: 1.3- 2.1 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Cholesterol:
o Total <200mg\/dL o LDL (“bad”) <100 o HDL (“good) >40
o Triglycerides <150mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Liver enzymes
o ALT\/SGPT 8-20 units\/L
o AST\/SGOT 5-40 units\/L
o ALP 42-128 units\/L
o Total protein 6-8 gm\/dL
\uf0b7 Pancreatic enzymes
o Amylase 56-90 IU\/L
o Lipase 0-110 units\/L
o Prothrombin time 0.8-1.2
\uf0b7 Glucose:
Preprandial (fasting) 70-110 mg\/dL
Postprandial 70-140 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 RBC: Females 4.2-5.4 million\/uL; Males 4.7-6.1 million \/uL
\uf0b7 WBC: 5000 -10,000
\uf0b7 Iron: Females 60-160 mcg\/dL; Males 80-180 mcg\/dL
\uf0b7 Platelets: 150,000-450,000
\uf0b7 Hemoglobin (Hgb): Females 12-16 g\/dL; Males 14-18 g\/dL
\uf0b7 Hematocrit (Hct): Females 37-47%;Males 42-52%
\uf0b7 Prothrombin Time (PT): 11-14 seconds: therapeutic range 1.5-2x normal or control
value
\uf0b7 Urine specific gravity: 1.015-1.030
\uf0b7 Urine pH: average 6.0; range 4.6-8.0
\uf0b7 BUN: 10-20 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Creatinine: female 0.5-1.1, males 0.6 – 1.2 mg\/dL;
\uf0b7 Creatinine phosphokinase MB (CK-MB): normal 30-170 units\/L
*increase 4-6 hrs after MI and remains elevated 24-72hrs
\uf0b7 Troponin normal: <0.2 ng\/dL *gold standard for MI<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6) Interference with vitamin K-dependent clotting factors causing bleeding in newborns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI Pharmacology Review
Nervous System Medications
Anxiety and Trauma\/ Stressor-related DO
Benzodiazepines
\u25cf lorazepam\/ Ativan, alprazolam\/ Xanax, clonazepam\/ Klonopin, diazepam\/ Valium,
chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, oxazepam
\u25cf Enhances GABA NT (inhibitory NT)
\u25cf Indications: 1st line short term TX of GAD and panic DO. Alcohol withdrawal. SZ.
\u25cf SE: CNS depression, anterograde amnesia, acute toxicity (TX with flumazenil).
Paradoxical response. Withdrawal effects in long-term use (diaphoresis, tremors,
delirium, SZ. TX with tapered long term benzos)
\u25cf CI: Avoid in preggo. Glaucoma. Caution with liver DZ.
\u25cf Interactions: Increased effects if taken with CNS depressants (ETOH, antipsychotics,
TCAs, antihistamines, opioids). Decreased effects with caffeine, cigarettes.
\u25cf No lab work required.
Atypical nonbarbiturate anxiolytic: Buspirone\/ Buspar
\u25cf Indication: long term TX of anxiety, panic DO, OCD and related.
\u25cf Nonsedating, no highs, no cross tolerance with ETOH or sedatives. Fewer drug
interactions.
\u25cf Takes 1-6 weeks for onset of full effect.
\u25cf CI: MAOIs. No grapefruit, erythromycin, or St John\u2019s Wort due to potentiation.
\u25cf SE: Dizzy and mild drowsiness (but it\u2019s non-sedating..? ATI sux)
\u25cf Nsg consideration: take with meals, at same time everyday.
SSRI
\u25cf Paroxetine\/ Paxil, sertraline\/ Zoloft, citalopram\/ Celexa, escitalopram\/ Lexapro,
fluoxetine\/ Prozac, fluvoxamine
\u25cf Inhibits serotonin reuptake, does not block uptake of dopamine or NorE.
\u25cf Indications: GAD, panic DO, OCD, PTSD, depression, dissociative DOs.
\u25cf Takes up to 4 wks for full effect.
\u25cf SE: Sexual dysfunction (tx with lowering dose, drug holiday, or bupropion). Also:
insomnia, agitation (decrease caffeine, take in AM, relaxation skills). HA, GI upset,
bruxism. Wt loss short term, or wt gain in the long term. Hyponatremia (in elderly<\/p>\n\n\n\n
especially. Obtain baseline serum NA and then monitor). GI bleed (interacts with
warfarin, NSAIDS. Monitor PT and INR). [Fluox and paroxetine are teratogenic]
\u25cf Serotonin syndrome: 2-72 hrs after starting TX.
\u25cb TX by withholding med and notify
\u25cb S\/S: ALOC, SZ, tachycardia, BP changes, N\/V\/D, high fever, ataxia, coma
\u25cf CI: MAOI, TCA, ETOH, bipolar (causes mania). Caution with liver\/ renal\/ SZ.
\u25cf Interactions: MAOI\/ TCA\/ St John Wort (serotonin syndrome), Warfarin (increases
bleeding time), lithium (increased lithium levels), NSAIDS\/ anticoags (risk of bleeding)
\u25cf Nsg teaching: Take in morning, with food, obtain baseline Na levels. Fluoxetine and
escitalopram approved for children.
\u25cf Depression takes several weeks to work. For PMS takes a few days.
\u25cf Washout is 5 weeks.
\u25cf Efficacy: normal sleep patterns, anxiety reduction, social activity participation
Depressive DO
SNRI
\u25cf Venlafaxine\/ Effexor, duloxetine\/ Cymbalta
\u25cf Inhibits uptake of serotonin and NorE; minimal inhibition of dopamine
\u25cf Indications: major depression, panic, GAD
\u25cf SE: CNS stim (HA, agitation, anxiety, dry mouth, insomnia), Hyponatremia (with
diuretics), Wt loss, sexual dysfxn
\u25cf CI: ETOH, MAOI
\u25cf Interactions: MAOI\/ St John Wort (serotonin syndrome), NSAIDS\/ anticoags
Atypical Antidepressants
\u25cf Bupropion\/ Wellbutrin
\u25cf Inhibits dopamine uptake
\u25cf Indications: Alternative to SSRI that cause sexual dysfunction. SAD, depression,
smoking cessation
\u25cf SE: CNS stimulation, Wt loss, SZ at high doses.
\u25cf CI: SZ, MAOI, eating DO. Increased risk of SZ with SSRIs.
TCA
\u25cf Amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, amoxapine, trimipramine
\u25cf Blocks reuptake of NorE and serotonin.
\u25cf Indications: Depression. Also bipolar, anxiety.
\u25cf SE: orthostatic hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic effects, TOXICITY (give no more
than a week supply for risky pts, obtain baselines, monitor for toxicity), wt gain,
decreased SZ threshold<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u25cf CI: SZ, increased SI risk, MI, glaucoma.
\u25cf Interactions: MAOI (HTN crisis), additive anticholinergic effects, CNS depressants,
sympathomimetics.
\u25cf Washout 2 weeks
\u25cf Nsg teaching: Take at bedtime, dysrhythmias. No smoking.
MAOI
\u25cf Phenelzine\/ Nardil, selegiline (as a patch- also used for parkinson\u2019s)
\u25cf Block MAO in the brain, thereby increasing NorE, dopamine, and serotonin
\u25cf Indications: Depression, bulimia, atypical depression
\u25cf SE: CNS stim, orthostatic hypotension
\u25cf Hypertensive Crisis: especially with intake of tyramine
\u25cb Tyramine foods: cheese, cured meats, beer, grapefruit\/ citrus, overripe bananas\/
avocados.
\u25cb TX with IV phentolamine or nifedipine
\u25cf CI: SSRI or TCA (serotonin syndrome), DM, SZ, CV DZ, renal DZ, pheochromocytoma.
\u25cf Interactions: CNS stimulants, TCA, SSRIS, HTN meds
\u25cf Nsg teaching: No other meds unless approved. No tyramine foods.
\u25cf Washout is 2 weeks.
Also SSRI and Other atypical antidepressants
Bipolar DO
Lithium Carbonate
\u25cf Mood stabilizer; Increases serotonin, decreases neuronal atrophy.
\u25cf Indications: bipolar, limits mania, decreases SI, prevents return of depression
\u25cf Olanzapine (antipsychotic) can be administered to calm manic pt while waiting for lithium
to kick in.
\u25cf SE:
\u25cb N\/V\/D, GI pain – take with food\/milk
\u25cb Fine hand tremors – give lower dosage, beta-ad blocker, tell client to report
tremors
\u25cb Polyuria\/thirst – potassium-sparing diuretic like spironolactone, tell client to drink
1.5 to 3L of fluid
\u25cb Weight gain – diet\/exercise
\u25cb Goiter\/hypothyroidism – annual T3\/T4\/TSH, monitor for hypothyroidism,
administer levothyroxine
\u25cb Renal toxicity – Monitor I\/O, assess baseline BUN\/Creat
\u25cb Hepatotoxicity – Routine monitoring of LFTs req\u2019d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u25cb Bradyarrhythmias\/hypotension\/electrolyte imbalances – maintain sodium intake
\u25cf Lithium toxicity: occurs at lithium levels > 1.5
\u25cb Initial S\/S: N\/V\/D, polyuria, fine tremors, slurred speech, lethargy
\u25a0 Withhold med and notify. Adjust dose based on lithium\/ Na levels
\u25cb Progressive S\/S: coarse tremors, ALOC, tinnitus, ataxia, SZ, stupor, severe
hypotension, coma, death
\u25a0 Can treat with aminophylline
\u25a0 Emetic or lavage. Hemodialysis.
\u25cf CI: teratogenic. Liver\/ renal\/ cardiac DZ, schizophrenia, hypovolemia. Caution with
DM, SZ, thyroid DZ
\u25cf Interactions: Diuretics (they cause Na secretion which leads to increased lithium levels
in body). NSAIDS (increases renal reabsorption of lithium and toxicity – use ASA
instead). Lithium and SSRI taken together can lead to serotonin syndrome.
\u25cf Nsg considerations: Increase water intake to 1.5-3 L\/day. Monitor levels q 2-3 days
initially, then q 1-3 months. Therapeutic range of 0.4-1.4. Toxic > 1.5. Full effects
within 2-3 weeks. Take with food. Maintain normal Na intake.
Mood Stabilizing AntiSZ Meds
\u25cf carbamazepine\/ Tegretol, valproate\/ Depakote, lamotrigine\/ Lamictal
\u25cf Potentiate GABA and slow entrance of Na and Ca prolonging neuronal refractory period.
\u25cf Indications: bipolar
\u25cf carbamazepine\/ Tegretol:
\u25cb SE: Blood dyscrasias (monitor CBCs and for indications of infection)
\u25a0 Teratogenic
\u25a0 FVE\/ hypoosmolarity (monitor Na, edema, urine output, HTN)
\u25a0 Rash (SJS)
\u25a0 CNS effects (vision changes, vertigo, HA)
\u25cb CI: Bone marrow suppression, bleeding DOs
\u25cb Interactions: Warfarin, oral contraceptives (makes these drugs ineffective).
Grapefruit juice (increases plasma levels). SZ meds (decreased therapeutic
effect).
\u25cb Nsg considerations: start low and titrate. SE should subside. Take at bedtime.
Monitor plasma levels of the medication.
\u25cf lamotrigine\/ Lamictal:
\u25cb SE: CNS stim (vision changes, N\/V, HA, dizzy)
\u25a0 Rash (SJS)
\u25cb Interactions: Oral contraceptives (decreased effectiveness)
\u25cb Nsg consideration: Start low and titrate
\u25cf valproate\/ Depakote:
\u25cb SE: GI upset
\u25a0 Hepatotoxic
\u25a0 Pancreatitis
\u25a0 Blood dyscrasias (monitor for increased bleeding, plt counts, PTT\/INR)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
VATI Pharmacology Remediation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
iv. Use latex free syringes when administering medications through syringe.
v. Place latex allergy identifier on patient.
vi.
b. What components should be included in a medication order? Suggested
Pharmacology Learning Activity: Medication Administration
i. Client\u2019s full name
ii. Date order is written
iii. Medication name
iv. Dose
v. Route of administration
vi. What the medication is used for
vii. Time and frequency of administration
c. What are examples of common medication errors? What information must be
included in an incident report regarding a medication error? Suggested
Pharmacology Learning Activity: Medication Administration
i. Incorrect dose or IV medication
ii. Wrong client, route, dose, or time
iii. Administering medication to a client with an allergy to the medication
iv. Omission of a dose
d. Benzodiazepines are the first-line treatment for alcohol withdrawal due to their
ability to decrease the intensity of withdrawal symptoms. List two (2) nursing
considerations for clients on benzodiazepines. Suggested Pharmacology Learning
Activity: Psychopharmacology
i. Nursing Considerations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI Pharmacology 2019 A.
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has peptic ulcer disease and is to start a new
prescription for sucralfate. Which of the following actions of sucralfate should the nurse include
in the teaching?
A. Decreases stomach acid secretion
B. Neutralizes acids in the stomach
C. Forms a protective barrier over ulcers
D. Treats ulcers by eradicating H. pylori
A nurse is providing teaching for a client who has multiple sclerosis and a new prescription for
methylprednisolone. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? (SATA)
A. Blood glucose levels will be monitored during therapy.
B. Avoid contact with people who have known infections.
C. Take the medication 1 hr before breakfast.
D. Decrease dietary intake of foods containing potassium.
E. Grapefruit juice can increase the effects of this medication.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching about handling medication to a client who is to continue
taking oral transmucosal fentanyl raspberry flavored lozenges on a stick. Which of the following
information should the nurse include in the teaching?
A. Chew on the medication stick to release the medication.
B. Leave the medication stick in on location of the mouth until melted.
C. Allow the medication 1 hr for analgesia effects to begin.
D. Store unused medication sticks in a storage container.
A nurse is reviewing the ECG of a client who is receiving IV furosemide for heart failure. The
nurse should identify which of the following as an indication of hypokalemia?
A. Tall, tented T-waves
B. Presence of U-waves
C. Widened QRS complex
D. ST elevation
The nurse is caring for a client who has cancer and is taking oral morphine and docusate
sodium. The nurse should instruct the client that takin the docusate sodium daily can minimize
which of the following adverse effects of morphine?
A. Constipation
B. Drowsiness
C. Facial flushing
D. Itching
A nurse is planning care for a client who is receiving mannitol via IV continuous infusion. The
nurse should monitor the client for which of the following adverse effects?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A. Weight loss
B. Increase intraocular pressure
C. Auditory hallucinations
D. Bibasilar crackles *
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has gastric ulcer and a new prescription for
ranitidine. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
A. “Take the medication on an empty stomach for full effectiveness.”
B. “You may discontinue this medication when stomach discomfort subsides.”
C. “Report yellowing of the skin.”
D. “Store the medication in the refrigerator.”
A nurse is assessing a client after administering a second dose of cefazolin IV. The nurse notes
the client has anxiety, hypotension, and dyspnea. Which of the following medications should
the nurse administer first?
A. Diphenhydramine
B. ALbuterol inhaler
C. Epinephrine
D. Prednisone
A nurse is planning care for a client who has hypertension and is to start taking metoprolol.
Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care?
A. Weigh the client weekly
B. Determine apical pulse prior to administering
C. Administer the medication 30 min prior to breakfast.
D. Monitor the client for jaundice
A nurse is preparing to administer ciprofloxacin 15 mg\/kg PO every 12 hr to a child who weighs
44 lb. How many mg should the nurse administer per dose?
300 mg
A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a client whose family reports the client has
taken large amounts of diazepam. Which of the following medications should the nurse
anticipate administering?
A. Ondansetron
B. Magnesium sulfate
C. Flumazenil
D. Protamine sulfate
A nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a client who is receiving heparin via continuous IV
infusion for DVT. The nurse should discontinue the medication infusion for which of the
following client findings?
A. Potassium 5.0
B. aPTT 2x the control<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ATI Pharmacology
IMPORTANT LAB VALUES
\uf0b7 Sodium (Na): 136-145 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Calcium: 9.0-10 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Chloride: 98-106 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Bicarb HCO3: 21-28 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Potassium: 3.5-5.0 mg\/L
\uf0b7 Phosphorus PO4 : 3.0-4.5 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Magnesium: 1.3- 2.1 mEq\/L
\uf0b7 Cholesterol:
o Total <200mg\/dL o LDL (“bad”) <100 o HDL (“good) >40
o Triglycerides <150mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Liver enzymes
o ALT\/SGPT 8-20 units\/L
o AST\/SGOT 5-40 units\/L
o ALP 42-128 units\/L
o Total protein 6-8 gm\/dL
\uf0b7 Pancreatic enzymes
o Amylase 56-90 IU\/L
o Lipase 0-110 units\/L
o Prothrombin time 0.8-1.2
\uf0b7 Glucose:
Preprandial (fasting) 70-110 mg\/dL
Postprandial 70-140 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 RBC: Females 4.2-5.4 million\/uL; Males 4.7-6.1 million \/uL
\uf0b7 WBC: 5000 -10,000
\uf0b7 Iron: Females 60-160 mcg\/dL; Males 80-180 mcg\/dL
\uf0b7 Platelets: 150,000-450,000
\uf0b7 Hemoglobin (Hgb): Females 12-16 g\/dL; Males 14-18 g\/dL
\uf0b7 Hematocrit (Hct): Females 37-47%;Males 42-52%
\uf0b7 Prothrombin Time (PT): 11-14 seconds: therapeutic range 1.5-2x normal or control
value
\uf0b7 Urine specific gravity: 1.015-1.030
\uf0b7 Urine pH: average 6.0; range 4.6-8.0
\uf0b7 BUN: 10-20 mg\/dL
\uf0b7 Creatinine: female 0.5-1.1, males 0.6 – 1.2 mg\/dL;
\uf0b7 Creatinine phosphokinase MB (CK-MB): normal 30-170 units\/L
*increase 4-6 hrs after MI and remains elevated 24-72hrs
\uf0b7 Troponin normal: <0.2 ng\/dL *gold standard for MI<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6) Interference with vitamin K-dependent clotting factors causing bleeding in newborns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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