{"id":118721,"date":"2023-09-05T20:28:29","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T20:28:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=118721"},"modified":"2023-09-05T20:28:31","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T20:28:31","slug":"cheat-sheet-for-usmle-step-1-prep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/05\/cheat-sheet-for-usmle-step-1-prep\/","title":{"rendered":"CHEAT SHEET FOR USMLE STEP 1 PREP"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>-ORIGIN OF REPLICATION- REPEATED A\u2019S AND T\u2019S, THE TATA BOX IS<br>PROMOTER SITE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>REPLICATION FORK- Y SHAPED, WHERE LEADING AND LAGGING STRAND ARE<br>SYNTHESIZED<br>-HELICASE- UNWINDS DNA&#8212;&#8211;&gt;DEFICIENT IN BLOOM SXN (BLM GENE<br>MUTATION)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TOPOISOMERASE- CREATES SINGLE OR DOUBLE STRANDED BREAK IN THE<br>HELIX TO ADD OR REMOVE SUPERCOILS AS NEEDED&#8212;&#8211;INHIBITED BY<br>FLUOROQUINOLONES (TOPO 2 AKA DNA GYRASE, AND TOPO4)<br>-PRIMASE- MAKES RNA PRIMER ON DNA SO POLYMERASE CAN START<br>REPLICATION<br>-POLYMERASE 3-ONLY PROKARYOTES! ELONGATES LEADING STRAND BY<br>ADDING DEOXYNUCLEOTIDES TO THE 3\u2019END (LAGGING) TIL IT REACHES<br>PRIMER<br>-POLYMERASE 1- PROKARYOTES ONLY! DEGRADES RNA PRIMER<br>-LIGASE- GLUE! JOINS OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS WITH PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS<br>-TELOMERASE- EUKARYOTES ONLY! REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, ADDS DNA<br>\u2018TAG\u2019 AKA TTAGGG TO 3\u2019 ENDS OF CHROMOSOME TO AVOID LOSS OF GENETIC<br>MATERIALS!!!!<br>UPREGULATED IN CANCER, DOWN REGULATED IN AGING AND PROGERIA<br>SO SHORTER TELOMERASE MEANS OLDER PERSON<br>EUKARYOTE RNA POLYMERASES<br>RP 1- MAKES RRNA, ONLY IN NUCLEOLUS<br>RP2- MAKES MRNA, SNRNA, AND MICRORNA<br>RP3- MAKES TRNA AND SSRNA, NO PROOFREADING BUT CAN INITIATE CHAINS<br>AMANTAPHALLOIDES AKA DEATH CAP MUSHROOMS CONTAIN ALPHA AMANITIN<br>WHICH UPON INGESTION CAN CAUSE DYSENTARY AND SEVERE<br>HEPATOTOXICITY&#8211;>LIVER FAILURE<br>Nucleotide deficiency diseases<br>ADD- adenosine deaminase deficiency<br><br>-ultimately leads to decrease in lymphocytes which then leads to SCID (severe<br>combined immunodeficiency)<br>-AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE<br>LESCH-NYMAN SXN<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>X-LINKED RECESSIVE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ABSENT CONVERSION OF HYPOXANTHINE TO IMP AND GUANINE TO GMP<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HGPRT- HYPERURICEMIA, GOUT, PISSED OFF, RED\/ORANGE CRYSTALS<br>(SODIUM URATE) IN URINE, TENSE MUSCLES(DYSTONIA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HEY GREG PLS RE TWEET<br>PRADER WILLI SXN- POP (PRADER WILLI, OBESITY, PATERNAL ALLELE<br>DELETED)<br>-MATERNAL CHROMOSOME DUPLICATED, PATERNAL ALLELE IS DELETED OR<br>MUTATED<br>-HYPERPHAGIA, INSATIABLE HUNGER, OBESITY, INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY,<br>HYPOGONADISM, HYPOTONIA<br>ANGELMANN SXN<br>-PATERNAL CHROMOSOME DUPLICATED, MATERNAL ALLELE DELETED<br>-SEIZURES, ATAXIA, INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, INAPPROPRIATE LAUGHTER<br>(SAIL)<br>Glycogen storage diseases &#8211; VPCAM- Vice President<br>Cant Accept Money<br>V- Von Gierke<br>\u25cf No glycogenolysis no gluconeogenesis<br>\u25cf High- blood lactate, triglycerides, uric acid<br>\u25cf Gout<br>\u25cf Deficient in glucose 6 phosphatase<br>P-Pompe<br>\u25cf Cardiovascular issues, hepatomegaly,<br>\u25cf Pompe=pump= heart, liver, muscle<br>\u25cf Deficient in galactosidase (??)<br>C-Cori<br>\u25cf Mild Von gierke<br>\u25cf Gluconeogenesis works!<br>\u25cf Deficient in DEbranching enzymes!<br>A-Andersen<br><br>\u25cf Cirrhosis, intellectual delay, failure to thrive<br>\u25cf Deficient in BRANCHING enzymes<br>M-McArdle<br>\u25cf Glycogen stores in muscle and muscle cant break it down<br>\u25cf Myoglobinuria- RED URINE after strenuous exercise<br>\u25cf Mcardle=muscle<br>Lysosomal enzyme deficiency diseases<br>TaySachs- onion cherry<br>\u25cf Progressive neurodegeneration<br>\u25cf Cherry red spot on macula of eye, NO HEPATOMEGALY, ONION SKIN LYSOSOMES<br>\u25cf Deficient in hexokinase<br>Fabry<br>\u25cf EARLY STAGE: \u201cthink NAH!\u201d neuropathy, angiokeratomas, and hypohidrosis<br>(angiokeratoma look like red wet acne)<br>\u25cf LATE: RENAL failure and CARDIOVASCULAR disease<br>\u25cf Deficient in alpha galactosidase<br>Gaucher<br>\u25cf Gaucher cells- Macs that look like crumpled tissue paper<br>\u25cf Pancytopenia, osteoporosis, bone crises, femur necrosis<br>\u25cf Deficient in glucocerebridase<br>Metachromatic Leukodystrophy<br>\u25cf Central and peripheral demyelination\u2192 ataxia and dementia<br>\u25cf Deficient in aryl sulfatase A<br>Krabbe- Mr Krabs eyes<br>\u25cf Deficient in galactocerebrisidase<br>\u25cf Globoid cells, optic atrophy, peripheral neuropathy<br>Niemann-Pick- foam liver cherry<br>\u25cf Cherry red spot on macula, HEPATOMEGALY, foam cells<br>\u25cf Progressive neurodegeneration<br>\u25cf Sphingomyelinase deficiency<br>Hurlers<br>\u25cf Corneal clouding<br>\u25cf Heparan and dermatan sulfate buildup<br>Hunters<br>\u25cf Mild hurlers<br>\u25cf No corneal clouding, AGGRESSIVE behaviour<br>\u25cf Heparan and dermatan sulfate buildup<br>Vitamins!<br>Vitamin A aka retinoid, retinol, retinal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>-ORIGIN OF REPLICATION- REPEATED A\u2019S AND T\u2019S, THE TATA BOX ISPROMOTER SITE<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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