{"id":118818,"date":"2023-09-05T23:40:12","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T23:40:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=118818"},"modified":"2023-09-05T23:40:14","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T23:40:14","slug":"ons-oncc-chemotherapy-immunotherapy-certificate-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/05\/ons-oncc-chemotherapy-immunotherapy-certificate-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"ONS\/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate 2022"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage:<br>Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Normal Cell Cycle: -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA<br>replication and mitosis, or cell division<br>-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes<br>molecular information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interphase and Mitotic Phase: Cell division produces two identical cells<br>through these two major phases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During interphase:: Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three<br>steps:<br>1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2:<br>Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse<br>(M phase)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap): -cells increase in size<br>-reproduce RNA<br>-&#8220;quality assurance&#8221; test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA<br>-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Synthesis Phase (S phase): -DNA replicates<br>-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)<br>-which are attached a t the centromere<br>-lasts 2-10 hours<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mitotic Phase (M phase): -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and<br>move into 2 new, identical daughter cells<br>-takes about 30-60 minutes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"7\">\n<li>Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from: -G1 checkpoint<br>-S Phase<br>-G2 checkpoint<br>-M phase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Restriction Point: -The transition from the resting phase into an actively<br>dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur<br>-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point<br>-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the<br>cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>G0 Phase (resting phase): -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase<br>or go into a resting phase, known as G0<br>-Most cells in the human body reside in G0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase): -Exceptions to this are<br>those that are metabollically active, such as<br>-granulocytes<br>-and the epithelium of the GI tract<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cell Cycling Time: Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cell cycle video and<br>image: http:\/\/highered.mheducation.com\/sites\/0072495855\/student_view0\/chap\u0002ter2\/animation how_the_cell_cycle_works.html<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control: -The cell cycle is<br>carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints<br>-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the<br>genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and<br>disease, such as cancer<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"14\">\n<li>Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins:: 1. cyclines<br>(D, E, A, B)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)<br>-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs: -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK<br>4\/6<br>-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1\/2<br>-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1\/2<br>-G2: CDK 1\/2 and cyclin A<br>-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inhibitory proteins: -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is<br>detected<br>-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNA Damage Checkpoints: -If DNA damage is present, cells are pro\u0002grammed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)<br>-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-under- stood<br>inhibitory proteins (IP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inhibitory proteins p53: -Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes<br>-Will increase when DNA damage is present<br>-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation<br>-sometimes called the &#8220;suicide gene&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M Phase Checkpoints: When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up<br>in the mitotic spindle.<br>If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage:Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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