{"id":118828,"date":"2023-09-06T00:21:58","date_gmt":"2023-09-06T00:21:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=118828"},"modified":"2023-09-06T00:22:00","modified_gmt":"2023-09-06T00:22:00","slug":"ons-oncc-chemotherapy-immunotherapy-certification-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/06\/ons-oncc-chemotherapy-immunotherapy-certification-2\/","title":{"rendered":"ONS\/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage &#8211;<br>Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function &#8211;<br>The Normal Cell Cycle &#8211; -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of<br>DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division<br>-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes<br>molecular information<br>Interphase and Mitotic Phase &#8211; Cell division produces two identical cells through these<br>two major phases<br>During interphase: &#8211; Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps:<br>1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)<br>2: Synthesis phase (S phase)<br>3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)<br>First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) &#8211; -cells increase in size<br>-reproduce RNA<br>-&#8220;quality assurance&#8221; test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA<br>-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days<br>Synthesis Phase (S phase) &#8211; -DNA replicates<br>-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)<br>-which are attached a t the centromere<br>-lasts 2-10 hours<br>Mitotic Phase (M phase) &#8211; -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move<br>into 2 new, identical daughter cells<br>-takes about 30-60 minutes<br>Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from &#8211; -G1 checkpoint<br>-S Phase<br>-G2 checkpoint<br>-M phase<br><br>Restriction Point &#8211; -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase<br>(G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur<br>-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point<br>-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the<br>cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return<br>G0 Phase (resting phase) &#8211; -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go<br>into a resting phase, known as G0<br>-Most cells in the human body reside in G0<br>-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) &#8211; -Exceptions to this are<br>those that are metabollically active, such as<br>-granulocytes<br>-and the epithelium of the GI tract<br>Cell Cycling Time &#8211; Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis<br>Cell cycle video and image &#8211;<br>http:\/\/highered.mheducation.com\/sites\/0072495855\/student_view0\/chapter2\/animation_<br>_how_the_cell_cycle_works.html<br>Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control &#8211; -The cell cycle is carefully<br>controlled through a series of checkpoints<br>-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the<br>genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and<br>disease, such as cancer<br>-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis<br>Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: &#8211; 1. cyclines (D, E,<br>A, B)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li>Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)<br>-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle<br>Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs &#8211; -(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4\/6<br>-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1\/2<br>-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1\/2<br>-G2: CDK 1\/2 and cyclin A<br>-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B<br>Inhibitory proteins &#8211; -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected<br><br>-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)<br>DNA Damage Checkpoints &#8211; -If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop<br>dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)<br>-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood<br>inhibitory proteins (IP)<br>Inhibitory proteins p53 &#8211; -Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes<br>-Will increase when DNA damage is present<br>-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation<br>-sometimes called the &#8220;suicide gene&#8221;<br>M Phase Checkpoints &#8211; When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in<br>the mitotic spindle.<br>If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue<br>Immunity &#8211;<br>Cells of the Immune System &#8211;<br>Pluripotent Stem Cell &#8211; -The cells of the immune system are created in the bome<br>marrow from what is know as a <em>_<\/em><br>-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue,<br>does not yet have a function<br>Myeolid Precursor Cells &#8211; Mature into:<br>-RBCS<br>-Plts<br>-WBCs (Granulocytes)<br>Lymphoid Precursor Cells &#8211; Mature into:<br>-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)<br>Lines of Defense: The Immune System&#8217;s Response to Attack &#8211; Consists of 2 types of<br>immunity:<br>1: Innate<br>2: Adaptive<br>Innate Immunity &#8211; -First line of defense against a pathogen<br>-Does not retain memory of the entity<br>-Involves the following:<br>(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut)<br>(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and<br>macrophages)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phagocytes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Natural Killer Cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Granulocytes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage &#8211;Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function &#8211;The Normal Cell Cycle &#8211; -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes ofDNA replication and mitosis, or cell division-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexesmolecular informationInterphase and Mitotic Phase &#8211; Cell division produces two identical cells [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-118828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118828","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118828"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118828\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118828"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}