Infant assessment and development – correct answer \u25a0 Proportional changes: weight, height, head,
nervous system, chest
\u25cf Weight increases 6-8lbs, up to 20lbs in the 1st year of life
\u25a0 Posterior fontanelle closes by 2 months of life
\u25a0 Eye alignment
\u25cf Some children get cross eyed at times, but usually resolve close to 4 months
\u25a0 Red reflex should be symmetrical
\u25a0 The abdominal muscles do not close until 3 years of life
\u25a0 For boys:
\u25cf Both testicles are descended by 6 months
\u25cf Note any hydrocele
\u25a0 For girls:
\u25cf Assess for labial adhesions
\u25a0 Musculoskeletal
\u25cf Leg fold symmetry
\u25cf Hip abduction
\u25cb To make sure there are no hip clicks.
\u25cb Barlow maneuver and Ortolani maneuver will assess for hip click
\u25cf Foot shape and flexibility
\u25a0 Skin: rashes
\u25cf Common – infantile eczema
\u25cf Lesions
\u25cf Bruising or burns
\u25cb Mongolian spots are normal
\u25a0 Feeding difficulties
1 \/ 3
\u25cf Regurgitation and spitting-up
\u25cb Acid reflux is prevalent d\/t sphincters are not mature
\u25cb Encourage parents to break up feeding after ~15mL. burp the child and then return to feeding
\u25cb Spitting up can be large amount and it is normal for it to come out of the nose
\u25cf Colic
\u25cb Common during newborn period, usually resolves by 6 months of life
Toddler development – correct answer \u25a0 Toddler
\u25cf Weight gain 4-6lbs per year
\u25cf Height: 3 inches per year
\u25cf Visual acuity 20\/40
\u25cf Brain growth is 75% completed
\u25cf Respiratory tract is rapidly developing closer to that of an adult, but still anatomically is much smaller.
\u25cf Immune system is weakened, increased risk for any kind of complications
\u25cf Measurements: height, weight, head circumference up until 2 years of age
\u25cf Physical exam
\u25cb HEENT
\u25a0 Anterior fontanel – make sure it is getting smaller and closing
\u25cf It usually closes by 18 months – 2 years
\u25a0 Screen for strabismus
\u25a0 Look for tooth eruption and\/or dental decay
\u25cf If by 18 months they do not have a first tooth eruption, order x-ray
\u25cb Musculoskeletal
\u25a0 Assess for hip dysplasia, gait, out-toeing, bowlegged
\u25cb Neurological
\u25a0 Deep tendon reflex
\u25a0 Babinski
Preschool development and assessment – correct answer \u25cf Weight gain 5 lbs\/year
2 \/ 3
\u25cf Height 2-3 inches\/year
\u25cf Head circumference, no needed since the anterior fontanelle should have closed 18 months – 2 years
\u25cf Screening: vision and hearing
School age children development\/ assessment – correct answer \u25a0 Slow but steady growth
\u25cf Height: increases 2 in\/year
\u25cf Weight: 4 \u00bd – 6 \u00bd lbs\/year
\u25cf Skeletal lengthening & fat diminution
\u25cf Strength increases yet muscles remain functionally immature
\u25cf Start to lose those primary teeth and develop their permanent teeth
\u25cf GI system, cardiovascular system becomes that of an adult
\u25cf Bladder capacity increases
\u25cf Immune system improves
\u25cf Bones become hard and they are not as pliable as it was in the early ages
\u25cf Prepubescent
\u25cf Vital signs: approaching adult values by the end of the school age
\u25cb Blood pressure
\u25cb Vision screening
\u25cb Hearing screening
Adolescence development and assessment – correct answer \u25a0 Extremities grow faster than trunk and
head
\u25a0 Facial proportions change
\u25cf Nose and chin enlarge first
\u25a0 Figure changes
\u25cf Pelvis enlarges in females
\u25cf Shoulders enlarge in male
\u25a0 Subcutaneous fat increases
\u25a0 Increased function of sweat glands<\/p>\n\n\n\n