NSG 552 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NSG 552 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 LATEST
2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What are the 6 general principles of psychopharmacological treatment?
Safety
Tolerability
Efficacy
Practicality
Treatment accessibility
Treatment compliance
Pharmacokinetics
How the drug moves in the body. (ex. Where is it absorbed? How and
where is it metabolized? Where is it excreted?)
Pharmacodynamics
What the drug does to the body. (consider mechanism of action)
Define First-generation antipsychotics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Referred to as Typical Antipsychotics. Most have strong bond with D2
receptors only, cause EPS symptoms faster due to prolonged receptor
dissociation, have more dangerous side effect profiles, have been around
longer, more effective at treating positive symptoms, less expensive.
(Ex. Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Fluphenazine)
Define Second-generation antipsychotics
Referred to as Atypical Antipsychotics. Most have a weak bond with D2
receptors and block serotonin receptors leading to anti-depressive and
anxiolytic effects. They cause less EPS due to rapid receptor
disassociation which leads to rapid dopamine neurotransmission. Have
less dangerous side effect profiles but can cause metabolic syndromes,
have been around shorter time, more expensive, more effective at
treating negative symptoms but can treat positive symptoms as well,
long-acting injections available for several of these. (Ex. Risperidone,
Clozapine, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone)
Extra Pyramidal Symptoms (EPS)
Side effects caused by certain antipsychotic medications, which include:
involuntary or uncontrollable movements. tremors. muscle contractions.
Tardive dyskinesia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A neurological disorder characterize by involuntary movement of the
face and jaw.
Upregulation
Occurs through chronic use of antagonists which causes an increase in
the number of receptors, externalization of receptors, and increased
sensitivity of the receptors. Prolonged use of antagonist -> Up-regulation
of receptors -> Sudden withdrawal of antagonist -> increased number of
receptors and increased sensitivity of receptors *YOU MUST
GRADUALLY TAPER A DRUG TO AVOID BINDING TO ALL
NEW RECEPTORS FROM UPREGULATION
Down regulation
Occurs by chronic exposure of agonists which causes decreased number
of receptors, internalization of receptors, and decreased sensitivity of the
receptors. Prolonged use of agonist -> down-regulation of receptors ->
decreased effectiveness of agonist mediated clinical response.
You have two options:
1 Increase the drug dose OR 2 Switch to another drug(BEST OPTION)
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