Medical management for neurogenic bladder – ANSWER- continuous,
intermittent, or self-catheterization
an external condom-type catheter
a diet low in calcium (to prevent calculi)
encouragement of mobility and ambulation.
Medications for neurogenic bladder – ANSWER- Parasympathomimetic
medications, such as bethanechol (Urecholine), may help to increase the
contraction of the detrusor muscle.
coup-contrecoup brain injury – ANSWER- When the brain continues to
move forward after a rapid stop, striking the inside of the skull, resulting
in a compression injury or bruising to the anterior of the brain and
stretching or tearing to the posterior of the brain.
diffuse brain injury – ANSWER- Include concussions and diffuse axonal
injuries
Involve microscopic damage to cells
Most common mechanisms of injury include acceleration-deceleration
injuries and rotational forces
involves large portion of the brain
Concussion (brain injury) – ANSWER- blow to head causing trauma
from minor to severe. if lose consciousness may result in memory loss
mild concussion – ANSWER- }Produces no loss of consciousness but
brief period of confusion and disorientation
}Patients may or may not experience retrograde amnesia (inability to
recall events just preceding injury)
classic concussion – ANSWER- }Involves a temporary loss of
consciousness
\u25e6Usually less than five minutes
\u25e6No longer than six hours
\u25e6Retrograde or posttraumatic amnesia always present
\u25e6May have headaches, dizziness, vertigo, nausea, visual disturbances,
difficulty in concentration, poor memory, behavior disorders, irritability,
anxiety, or insomnia
Primary brain injury – ANSWER- }Occurs immediately on impact of
mechanical force
\u25e6Damage is done and cannot be reversed
\u25e6Injury to brain or vasculature
Secondary brain injury – ANSWER- }evolves over next hours or days
\u25e6Results from inadequate nutrients and oxygen (perfusion) to brain cells
\u25e6Death occurs at three points in time:
\u25e6immediately after injury
\u25e6Within 2 hrs of injury
3 weeks after injury
post concussion syndrome – ANSWER- }Disabling difficulties may
become evident after return to job or school
}May benefit from referral to specialist
}Must be advised to avoid activities with potential for high risk for
repeated concussion, such as contact sports
\u25e6Repeat concussion may cause autoregulatory dysfunction and
progressive cerebral edema
diffuse axonal injury – ANSWER- involves stretching, shearing, or
tearing of the extension of the neuron that conducts electrical impulses
away from the cell body.
}Immediate and prolonged coma longer than six hours to persistent
vegetative state
}May display decorticate or decerebrate posturing
focal brain injury – ANSWER- }Contusion
\u25e6Constitute most common types of brain injury<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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