https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nWhere do we hold DNA inside the cell?
Nucleus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is it called when cell’s commit suicide\/programmed cell death?
Apoptosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In carbon monoxide poisoning, what would we see and why?
Tissue damage d\/t CO binding on hemoglobin preventing oxygen from being able to bind to those sites, preventing tissue oxygenation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If ph is LOW, Bicarb is HIGH and CO2 is HIGH what condition do we have?
Respiratory acidosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How do molecules get intracellular or extracellular?
Water molecules via osmosis, other molecules via hydrostatic pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient is vomiting a lot, what would they develop and why?
Metabolic alkalosis – they are losing all gastric acid contents and holding onto bicarb<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To exam for neural tube defects in an amniocentesis, what are we looking at?
Alpha fetal protein<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why would a newborn have type 1 DM? What kind of condition is it?
Autoimmune disorder<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What symptoms will someone with Trisomy 21 have?
Wide eyes, webbed neck, short stature, flat low-set ears, low nasal bridge, IQ <70<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What gene is responsible for the maintenance of all other cells?
Housekeeping genes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient comes in with chronic wounds that aren’t healing, what are we thinking about?
Diabetes – some underlying condition preventing proper wound healing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a newborn does not have enough collectin proteins what kind of infection would they develop?
A respiratory infection – pneumonia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Where do B Lymphocytes grow and mature?
Bone marrow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If someone gets a vaccination or gets chicken pox from someone else, what kind of immunity do they have?
Active-acquired immunity<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do we give rhogam?
To prevent hemolytic anema – given to Rh negative mom with Rh positive baby<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why does someone have rejection occur after an organ transplant?
T helper cells release cytokines, cytotoxins attack endothelial cells and cause tissue damage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is happening at a cellular level in a type II sensitivity reaction?
Antibodies bind antigens on the cell surface<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an exotoxin?
This is released by bacteria and causes you to get sick<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What cells fight fungal infections?
Phagocytes, T lymphocytes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why is it that when you are stressed you are more at risk to get sick?
Cortisol increases and causes T helper cells to be suppressed (cortisol suppresses T1 cell)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Severely stressed patient – what will we see in lab work?
Hypoglycemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What happens if we’ve got cellular metabolism that is just not working right – what will happen?
Filled up with waste<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Least likely interleukin to stimulate endothelial proinflammatory stage?
IL4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How dehydrated does a child need to be before we see low blood pressure?
10%<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why can a patient develop reperfusion injuries?
Damage due to reexposure to oxygen<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do burn patients go into renal failure?
Myoglobin is release, and is too big for kidneys to filter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patients need exercise to reduce risk in what kind of cancer?
Colon<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What virus is linked to the development of cancer in children?
Epstein Barr Virus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Risk factors for exposure to children and the development of cancer?
Ionizing radiation, chemo, cigarette smoke, EBV<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What granulocytes have vasoactive amines like histamine and where do they manifest?
Basophils – in the skin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why would a patient develop pernicious anemia?
B12 deficiency – cannot absorb d\/t no intrinsic factor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the role of the endothelium in clot formation?
Surface produce plasma protease inhibitors and assists in preventing clots from forming – Thrombomodulin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What will develop in aplastic anemia?
Pancytopenia – RBCs, WBCs, thrombocytes are ALL low<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What kind of inherited disorder is hemophilia a?
X-linked recessive – from MOM to SON<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why will paresthesias develop in B12 deficient patients?
Myelin sheath degeneration \/ demyelination<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is happening in CML?
transloation of genes between 9 and 22<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is granulocytopenia?
LOW – infections will lead to death<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What happens at a cellular level in a sickle cell patient? Hemoglobin S is a result of?
Valine replaces one amino acid (glutamate)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Where do we make oxytocin?
posterior pituitary<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do we give pressors to severe shock patients?
To raise BP – vasoconstriction through ADH<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What hormone regulates calcium?
PTH<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What hormone level do we need to watch in a patient with small cell carcinoma of the stomach?
ADH<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If someone has a low ADH, what will we give?
Desmopressin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does hypomethylation do in tumor progression?
Increases from benign to malignant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient has amenorrhea, abnormal hair growth, osteoporosis, galacteria (hyperprolactinemia) – what test would you want to do?
CT scan of head – looking for pituitary tumor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do diabetic patients pee so much?
Blood sugar is high and they are trying to excrete excess glucose<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is happening at the cellular level in diabetic patients causing microvascular complications?
Hyperplasia and basement membrane thickening causing microvascular damage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do diabetics need regular eye exams?
Retinopathy due to retinal ischemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Weight gain, brittle nails, dry skin, fatigue, bradycardia, constipation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As we age, we lose the sense of taste which causes?
Loss in weight, decrease in saliva and loss of appetite<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why are obese patients at higher risk for HTN?
Too much angiotensin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Damage to the pons would cause what affect?
Can’t distinguish between hot or cold objects or sharp\/dull, pins\/needle sensations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the brain controls involuntary muscle control?
Cerebellum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If the patient smiles and only half the face smiles, which nerve is affected?
Cranial nerve #7 – FACIAL<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a spinal cord injury occurred and damaged the UPPER motor neurons, how would you anticipate recovery?
Initial full paralysis followed with possible gradual partial recovery<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
tentorium cerebelli<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If there is a defect in the arachnoid villi, what would you expect to be wrong?
Too little CSF absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the brain is responsible for focus and attention?
Pre-frontal<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What kind of seizure is a patient having if there is altered LOC and a dream-like state?
Complex focal<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient had a CVA and were not able to feel certain objects – what is this called?
tactile agnosia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the theory about pain and transmission in and out of CNS?
Gate Control Theory<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which nerve fibers transmit pain signals?
Delta A<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Where are the pain transmitting neurons located in the spinal cord?
Dorsal Root Ganglia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What kind of endogenous opioids do we have inside of us naturally?
Endorphins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What kind of system is affected in major depressive disorder?
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What receptor is impaired in depressed patients?
Serotonin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which electrolyte is affected in lithium toxicity?
Sodium – hyponatremia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of inherited disorder is Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)?
X-linked recessive<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a normal PR interval?
Less than 0.2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do the papillary muscles in the heart do?
Stop any backward expulsion of the AV valves<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If there is an issue in the Phase 0 part of the cardiac cycle, which electrolyte imbalance do we susect?
Hyponatremia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Raynaud’s disease?
Vasospasms causing a lack of blood flow to distal extremities (fingers, toes)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient comes in complaining of chest pain what labs do you want?
Repeat troponins – what to see the trend over 4-6 hours<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient has COPD and you see increased pulmonary vascular resistance – which type of heart failure is this?
Right sided<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the most common cardiac issue in Trisomy 21?
VSD<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does a crescendo-decrescendo murmur sound like and what is it common in?
Wide, fixed splitting of S2 – ASD<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How does conjugation of bilirubin happen?
Fat soluble (unconjugated) turns into water soluble (conjugated)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do you want to order if a patient presents with projectile vomiting but no other GI complaints?
head injury – CT of head<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of diarrhea will you have in lactase deficiency?
Watery osmotic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the term for bright, frank red bleeding of the rectum?
Hematochesia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the signs and symptoms of small bowel obstruction?
First abdominal distention, then later N\/V<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which bacteria runs rampant in daycare centers?
Impetigo<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What disorder do we generally see hepatic fat accumulation in the liver?
Alcoholic cirrhosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the early signs of hepatitis?
Fatigue, vomiting, hyperalgesia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the term for incomplete fusion of the nasomedial and inner maxillary process?
Cleft palate\/lip<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic hypoxia?
Barrel chest, clubbed nails, cyanosis, frothy cough<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If the patient has a pleural effusion and there is transudative exudate but no symptoms, what are we looking for?
Protein stores<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient has ARDS, what are we on high alert for them developing?
Pneumonia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a patient is diagnosed with emphysema but they’ve never smoked?
Do genetic testing<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do we worry about young infants with nasal congestion?
Nose breathers; cannot eat if they cannot breathe<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do CF patients develop mucus plugs?
Chloride secretion is defective, too much sodium absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do the natriuertic peptides do?
Inhibit renin and aldosterone<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do we test if we want to know renal function?
GFR<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How does potassium and magnesium cause kidney stone formation?
Affect crystal growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do you look for in UA to differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis?
WBC casts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient has blood in the urine, RBC casts, excessive proteinuria, what would you do next?
Renal biopsy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why will patients with glomerulonephritis get soda colored urine?
From RBCs in the urine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the kidney do IgGs affect in certain conditions like glomerulonephritis?
They deposit in the basement membrane<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do we see urine reflux in kids?
Shortened uretes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If there is an urinary obstruction due to a spinal cord injury, what is this called?
Neurogenic bladder<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the slowest to regenerate and heals the least?
Articular cartilage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What glucoprotein moves hormones and other metabolites so that our bone cells can form properly?
Bone albumin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What cells maintain the bone matrix?
Osteocytes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a pathological fracture?
Something in the bone is already abnormal – no trauma occurred<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do we want to check on in a patient who was found laying on the floor after several hours?
CK levels<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is happening in Paget’s Disease
Bone resorption and formation impaired<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is sequestrum?
devascularized and devitalized bone<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Chronic inflammation causing spine and Si joints to fuse\/stiffen<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is it called when a hip stays in contact with the acetabulum but is not seated well?
Subluxation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the term for when a skin injury occurs and heals with elevation, rounded, irregular borders?
Keloid skin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are two things that allergic contact and stasis dermatitis have in common?
Inflammation and itching<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do we call lesions that are thick, silvery and scaly?
Plaques (psoriasis)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a big collection of infected hair follicles? One follicle?
Carbuncle, furuncle<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If you had Chicken Pox, what do we need to educate on?
Herpes Zoster<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Describe tinea corporis
Ringworm: circular lesions, red, scaling areas<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Kaposi’s sarcoma? SATA
Vascular malignancy, associated with HIV\/AIDS, seen in leg bones, drug-induced immunosuppression<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Where could you see an onchymycosis?
Nail<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patient comes in with a new lesion, that has a depressed center, rolled borders on the face?
Basal cell carcinoma<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What can happen if we do not treat PID?
Infertility – scarring of fallopian tubes due to chronic inflammation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What term do we use if we talk about benign uterine tumors, common uterine fibroids?
Leiomyomas<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If we diagnose woman with cervical carcinomas in situ what does this mean?
Involves full epithelial thickness of cervix<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ovarian cancer related to mutation in which gene?
BRCA 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If you were to do a breast exam and woman had squishy feeling, easily palpating areas?
Breast cysts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If you diagnose a man with balanitis what is the next thing you need to do?
Check a blood sugar – uncontrolled diabetes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If testicular exam with firm, nontender testicular mass?
Testicular cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A male comes in with fatigue, diffuse low back pain, fever, urinary retention what do you order?
U\/A – UTI<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Risks for prostate cancer? SATA
Diet, age >65, family hx, african-american<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How do we document if man cannot retract foreskin over glans?
Phimosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does gonorrhea look like in a newborn?
Corneal ulcerations<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Syphillis and bone\/tissue lesions with heart failure, what stage do i have?
Tertiary (late) stage – neurosyphillis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What organism is the culprit of syphillis?
Treponema pallidum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patient with strawberry spots on vagina and cervix?
Trichomoniasis – treat with Flagyl<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patient has gonorrhea, what do they also probably have?
Chlamydia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How to figure out due date using Nagele’s Rule?
Seven days after the first day of your last period, subtract 3 months, then add year<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How do we figure out GTPAL system?
G = gravida, T = term, P = preterm, A = abortion, miscarriages, L = living children<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patient in 3rd trimester with bright red vaginal bleeding, no pain?
Placenta previa<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hx of PID, now right-sided pain, dark red vaginal discharge?
Ectopic pregnancy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NUR 631 – Final Exam<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Final Exam: NUR631\/ NUR 631 (Latest 2023\/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam Review| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- GCU Final Exam: NUR631\/ NUR 631 (Latest2023\/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology andPathophysiology Exam Review| Questionsand Verified Answers with Rationales| 100%Correct| Grade A- GCUQ: how do you document if a man cannot retract foreskin over […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-130485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130485","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130485"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130485\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130485"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130485"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=130485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}