{"id":130491,"date":"2023-12-18T05:47:40","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T05:47:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=130491"},"modified":"2023-12-18T05:47:43","modified_gmt":"2023-12-18T05:47:43","slug":"midterm-exam-nur631-nur-631-latest-2023-2024-update-advanced-physiology-and-pathophysiology-study-guide-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-gcu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/12\/18\/midterm-exam-nur631-nur-631-latest-2023-2024-update-advanced-physiology-and-pathophysiology-study-guide-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-gcu\/","title":{"rendered":"Midterm Exam: NUR631\/ NUR 631 (Latest 2023\/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Study Guide| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct \u2013 GCU"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Midterm Exam: NUR631\/ NUR 631 (Latest 2023\/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Study Guide| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct \u2013 GCU<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Midterm Exam: NUR631\/ NUR 631 (Latest
2023\/2024 Update) Advanced Physiology and
Pathophysiology Study Guide| Questions and
Verified Answers| 100% Correct \u2013 GCU
Q: hormonal hyperplasia
Answer:
occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast (e.g. endometrium
growing after fertilization)
Q: compensatory hyperplasia
Answer:
adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate
Q: hyperkalemia treatment
Answer:
Treatment – Give diuretics, glucose\/insulin
Kaexelate- insulin stimulates Na_ potassium Dadenosine triphosphatase (K=Dat- pase) pump
Q: Hormones that regulate calcium\/phosphate balance are
Answer:
parathyroid hor- mone (PTH), vitamin D and calcitonin
Q: risk of recurrent of autosomal dominant disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Answer:
50%
Q: cancer that herpes 8 causes
Answer:
Kaposi sarcoma
Q: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase risk of what?
Answer:
ovarian cancer among women
Q: chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) diagnosed by?
Answer:
bone marrow
Philadelphia chromosome
Poor prognosis
Transposition of 9 and 22 chromosomes
Q: Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Answer:
Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form is seen most often in children
and adolescents; onset is sudden
high survival rate
Q: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Answer:
Too many myeloblasts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most common adult leukemia
Dx by Auer Rods
bone pain and increased WBCs
Survival 24%
Q: Warburg effect
Answer:
cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing ox- idative phosphorylation
Glucose feeds tumors
Q: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Answer:
a form of leukemia characterized by extremely high levels of lymphocytes; most often found in
middle-age adults
85% survival rate
Q: polycythemia vera
Answer:
too many RBCs
Tx: blood letting
S&S: Pruritis after warm bath, ruddy complex
Q: Multiple Myeloma diagnosed by
Answer:
Rouleaux blood film and punch out regions and Bence Jones protein (80% of cases)
Q: Multiple Myeloma symptoms
Answer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bone pain<\/em>, anemia, fatigue, recurrent infec- tions
-Lytic bone lesion (punch out bone regions)
Hypercalemia<\/em>, increase creatinine
Increased ESR
Q: Multiple Myeloma Treatment
Answer:
Steroids, Thalidomide, chemotherapy, autolo- gous, marrow transplant, Bortezomib
Viral therapy
Q: Lymphomas
Answer:
in lymph nodes – B-cells usually
Q: Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Answer:
distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as
Reed-Sternberg cells
Q: Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms
Answer:
PAINLESS
enlarged lymph nodes night sweats
fever
weight loss
Q: Burkitt’s lymphoma
Powered by https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deafferentation pain
Injury to either the peripheral or central nervous system. Examples: Phantom pain reflects injury to the peripheral nervous system; burning pain below the level of a spinal cord lesion reflects injury to the central nervous system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

myofascial pain syndrome
acute or chronic painful condition of muscles<\/p>\n\n\n\n

neuropathic pain
pain that doesn’t adhere to typical phases inherent in nociceptive pain on a deeper level<\/p>\n\n\n\n

urticaria in allergic reaction
raised smooth red lesions with central blanching<\/p>\n\n\n\n

cystic fibrosis (CF)
A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CF pathophysiology
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
alteration in function of CFTR channel
respiratory tract
thick mucus impairs mucociliary function
recurrent pulmonary infections
acute bronchitis
pneumonia
chronic inflammatory state
airway restriction
fibrosis\/scarring
bronchchiectasis
chronic bronchitis
cycle of progression<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raynaud’s disease
vasospastics d\/o of the large arteries and veins in upper and lower extremeties<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medical disorder of the skin that is synonymous with dermatitis and characterized by pruritus w\/ lesions that have an indistinct border
eczema or dermatitis<\/p>\n\n\n\n

wet gangrene causes __<\/em> necrosis
liquefactive<\/p>\n\n\n\n

hormonal hyperplasia
occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast (e.g. endometrium growing after fertilization)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

compensatory hyperplasia
adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

hyperkalemia treatment
Treatment –
Give diuretics, glucose\/insulin
Kaexelate- insulin stimulates Na_ potassium Dadenosine triphosphatase (K=Datpase) pump<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hormones that regulate calcium\/phosphate balance are
parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D and calcitonin<\/p>\n\n\n\n

risk of recurrent of autosomal dominant disease
50%<\/p>\n\n\n\n

cancer that herpes 8 causes
Kaposi sarcoma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase risk of what?
ovarian cancer among women<\/p>\n\n\n\n

chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) diagnosed by?
bone marrow Philadelphia chromosome
Poor prognosis
Transposition of 9 and 22 chromosomes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. This form is seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden
high survival rate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Too many myeloblasts<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most common adult leukemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dx by Auer Rods<\/p>\n\n\n\n

bone pain and increased WBCs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Survival 24%<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Warburg effect
cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation
Glucose feeds tumors<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
a form of leukemia characterized by extremely high levels of lymphocytes; most often found in middle-age adults
85% survival rate<\/p>\n\n\n\n

polycythemia vera
too many RBCs
Tx: blood letting
S&S: Pruritis after warm bath, ruddy complex<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple Myeloma diagnosed by:
Rouleaux blood film and punch out regions and Bence Jones protein (80% of cases)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple Myeloma symptoms
Bone pain, anemia, fatigue, recurrent infections
-Lytic bone lesion (punch out bone regions)
Hypercalemia, increase creatinine
Increased ESR<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple Myeloma Treatment
Steroids, Thalidomide, chemotherapy, autologous, marrow transplant, Bortezomib
Viral therapy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lymphomas
in lymph nodes – B-cells usually<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms
PAINLESS
enlarged lymph nodes
night sweats
fever
weight loss<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burkitt’s lymphoma
tumor in maxilla and mandible<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burkitt’s lymphoma diagnosed by:
starry sky pattern on bone marrow
Caused by: EBV (90%)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Dx: biopsy
Tx: Rituximab (kills all cells like complement)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemophilia Type A
Congenital Factor VIII (8) deficiency caused by inversion or deletion of a major portion of the X chromosome genome or a missense mutation
X-linked<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemophilia Type B (christmas disease)
Factor IX deficiency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemophilia Diagnosis
History, physical exam
Decreased factor VIII or IX
Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time
( PTT)
Normal PT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PTT
partial thromboplastin time
Heparin
Intrinsic pathway<\/p>\n\n\n\n

intrinsic pathway
initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage (exposure to collagen fibers) or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PTT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

heparin blocks<\/p>\n\n\n\n

extrinsic pathway
initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue factor and results in the activation of the common pathway<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

warfarin blocks<\/p>\n\n\n\n

oncotic pressure
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

osmotic pressure
the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis,
often used to express the concentration of the solution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypernatremia causes
excess water loss, excess sodium administration, diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypernatremia S\/S
You are ‘fried’ or S.A.L.T.
F – Fever (low grade), flushed skin
R – Restless (irritable)
I – Increased fluid retention and increased BP
E – Edema (peripheral and pitting)
D – Decreased urinary output, dry mouth<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S = Skin flushed
A = Agitation
L = Low-grade fever
T = Thirst<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G6PD
damaged hemoglobin in RBC (Heinz bodies) causing hemolysis and splenic sequestration<\/p>\n\n\n\n

g6pd
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase<\/p>\n\n\n\n

exotoxin
a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endotoxins
go into serum when bacteria die and their cell walls break down<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endotoxin versus exotoxin
Endotoxins are the Lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes (LPS), responsible for making an integral part of the cell wall of Gram-Negative Bacteria and are released at the time of cell death or lysis of bacteria. Exotoxins are the proteins which are secreted by few species of bacteria and get diffuse into the nearby or surrounding medium. Secondly, endotoxins are heat stable, weakly immunogenic while exotoxins are heat labile, highly antigenic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
underdeveloped sex organs, breast development, large hands, and long arms and legs, infertility<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turner Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Normal CO2
35-45 mmHg<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Normal CO3 range
22-26<\/p>\n\n\n\n

normal calcium range
8.5-10.5 mg\/dL<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Normal MCV range
80-100<\/p>\n\n\n\n

normal MCHC values
32-36 g\/dL<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemosiderosis vs. hemochromatosis
Excess body iron leads to hemosiderosis or hemochromatosis based on deposition and damage
Hemosiderosis: iron deposition in tissues
Hemochromatosis: organ damage due to iron<\/p>\n\n\n\n

aplastic anemia
a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aplastic anemia causes
Drugs (phenylbutazone), Infection (parvovirus), Benzene (also causes acute leukemia)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macrocytic anemia causes
(MCV >100)<\/p>\n\n\n\n