Q: How is depression and cortisol secretion linked?
Answer:
Cortisol causes inflamma- tion, inflammation causes depression.
Q: What neurotransmitter is lacking in people with schizophrenia?
Answer:
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Q: What kind of bleed is suspected with a positive Kernig and Brudzinski sign?
Answer:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Q: What vascular malformation results in bleeding?
Answer:
Arterial venous malforma- tion (AVM)
Q: An AIDS patient with fever, clumsy, difficulty walking needs what type of treatment?
Answer:
Antibiotics (suspect infection)
Q: What medication treats toxoplasmosis?
Answer:
Powered by https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"Midterm](\"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/midterm-exam-nur631-nur-631-latest-20232024-update-advanced-physiology-and-pathophysiology-exam-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-grade-a-gcu-725x1024.png\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nWhat is it called when a diabetic has hypoglycemia, and the body overcompensates with hyperglycemia?
Somogyi Effect<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What allows transportation across the cell membrane?
Proteins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What stops water soluble molecules from crossing over the cell membrane?
The lipid Bilayer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What period of the heart has nothing happening and no other action if possible?
Absolute refractory Period<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is needed to allow fluid movement from the arterial end of a capillary into the interstitial fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of cell adapts by replacing one type with another type?
Metaplasia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of cell process increase the number of cells such as a women’s breast enlarging when pregnant?
Hyperplasia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a risk of too many blood transfusions?
Hemosiderosis (too much iron)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes the cells to shrink, confusion, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma?
Hypernatremia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
pH 7.28, HCO3 28, C02 60?
Respiratory acidosis non compensated<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an X linked disorder, short statue, webbed neck?
Turner’s syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why would one twin have asthma but the other does not?
Epigenetics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient has A and B alleles what is their blood type?
type AB<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What cells increase with a parasitic infection?
Eosinophiles<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do you NEVER use for wound care?
H202<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why are there oral or IM vaccines?
Antigens are transported to different lymph nodes depending on the route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do neonates have a poor inflammatory response?
The compliment system is lacking<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an endogenous opioid?
Endomorphins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What nerve fibers transmit pain impulses?
Myelinated A-Delta fibers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What electrolytes do you need to assess with Lithium toxicity?
Sodium (risk for hyponatremia)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do antipsychotic medications cause tardive dyskinesia?
They mimic dopamine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Patients with depression have a decrease in which receptor binding neurotransmitter?
Serotonin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of mood disorder generally is caused by disorders in the hypothalamic and pituitary adrenal system?
Depression<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How is depression and cortisol secretion linked?
Cortisol causes inflammation, inflammation causes depression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What neurotransmitter is lacking in people with schizophrenia?
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What kind of bleed is suspected with a positive Kernig and Brudzinski sign?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What vascular malformation results in bleeding?
Arterial venous malformation (AVM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An AIDS patient with fever, clumsy, difficulty walking needs what type of treatment?
Antibiotics (suspect infection)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What medication treats toxoplasmosis?
Oral Pyrimethamine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What supplement is given to pregnant women?
Folic acid<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does folic acid prevent in pregnancy?
Neural tube defects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At what gestational age does the neurol tube close?
4 weeks<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the priority for a C3 spinal cord injury?
Airway (C4 breathe no more)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What can we expect to see with a closed head injury?
VS unstable temporarily and then resume to normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dysfunction in what part of the brain causes pinpoint and fixed pupils?
Pontine (related to the Pons)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the brain do we need for cognitive operations to occur?
RAS- reticular activating system<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What lab count will indicate a good immune response?
Elevated lymphocytes specially: increased bands<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the function of a phagocyte?
Consume bacteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an exotoxin?
A toxin released from bacterial growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why does stress lower immunity?
Stress causes cortisol which suppresses Helper T cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?
An antibody immune reaction directed towards antigens (slow response)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is RhoGAM?
Prevents moms blood from making antibodies that cause hemolytic anemia in baby\/Given to pregnant moms with Rh negative blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why does a person get cold and clammy when stressed?
Epinephrine is released when stressed causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How much blood loss will occur for a person to develop hypovolemic shock?
15% blood loss (750ml)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the symptoms of Neurogenic Shock?
Vasodilation causes: bradycardia, hypotension, cold and clammy, loss of consciousness<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the deadliest type of shock and what patient should you treat first?
Anaphylactic Shock<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When a child is in shock, why does the spleen and liver enlarge?
Venous congestion because cardiogenic shock decreases cardiac output<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In a patient with septic shock, how do we know they are having a good immune response?
Increased bands<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why would a child have a capillary refill greater than 4 seconds?
Shock<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the main goal in treating a patient with shock?
Improve supply, decrease demand<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why does a child with burns have a higher mortality\/morbidity rate?
They don’t have glycogen stores<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the signs and symptoms of shock in a newborn?
Bradycardia, hypoglycemia, irregular heartrate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How do children compensate for cardiogenic shock?
Vasoconstriction, Splanchnic artery constriction, Adrenergic response, RAS system stimulated<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In a carcinoma we expect to see abnormal proliferation of what tissue?
Epithelial cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is it called when we can no longer see differentiation at a cellular level?
Anaplasia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hg and HCT 7.3\/15. What diagnosis would you expect?
Anemia due to chronic bleed, malabsorption, or malnutrition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are some ways to avoid getting cancer?
No smoking, diet, exercise, avoid hazards<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of cancer is linked to congenital malformation syndrome?
Wilms’ Tumor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A child with AIDS is at a high risk for what?
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a person is never exposed to an allergen, what cells get rid of tumor cells?
Natural Killer cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do lymph nodes enlarge when exposed to an infection?
B lymphocyte proliferation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What condition do you suspect in a patent who has an enlarged liver and spleen, bronze skin, and dysrhythmias?
Hemochromatosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of blood cancer causes the bone marrow to make too many red blood cells?
Polycythemia Vera<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do people with polycythemia have confusion?
Blood viscosity increasing causing clumping or clots of blood in the brain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of patient is NOT at risk for DIC?
termed delivery<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What role does collagen play in the clotting pathway?
Activates platelets<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the criteria to diagnose ALL?
30% lymphoblasts in blood or bone marrow<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What virus is linked to Burkitt’s Lymphoma in African children?
Epstein Barr Virus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the signs and symptoms of early leukemia?
Bone pain, anorexia, bruising<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the most common cause of red blood cell insufficiency in children?
Iron deficiency<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency is what type of disorder?
X linked inherited<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a treatment\/cure for a patient with microcytic hypochromic anemia?
Cord blood transplant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of disorder is Von Willebrand disease?
Autosomal dominant<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What labs would you order for a child who presents with fatigue, pale, and petechia?
CBC, CXR, BMP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is cortisol lipid soluble?
Yes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why does TSH work on TH when levels are high or low?
Negative feedback<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prolactin Releasing factor targets what tissue?
Anterior Pituitary gland<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the biggest electrolyte concern in a patient with high blood sugar?
Potassium<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What hormone inhibits Growth Hormone?
Somatostatin – inhibits GI, endocrine, pancreatic, and pituitary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What gland excretes epinephrine?
Adrenal medulla<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What levels would you expect in a patient with SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)?
Low sodium, low serum osmolality<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What form of Diabetes Insipidus occurs when target cells are insensitive to ADH?
Nephrogenic DI<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the signs and symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis?
Increased HR, increased temp. (everything is elevated)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why does a person in DKA have flu-like symptoms?
Low glucose and use of fatty acids cause Metabolic acidosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the function of calcitonin?
releases calcium out of the cells and decreases calcium levels in the blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Pancytopenia?
low level of blood cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why would you ask a person you suspect has Acromegaly about their sleep patterns?
Increased GH causes insomnia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what causes a type 1 diabetic to have light-headedness, tachycardia, pale, cold, clammy skin?
Hypoglycemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are some causes of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic?
Too much insulin, not eating, exercise<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the Somogyi Effect?
Rebound hyperglycemia after night time hypoglycemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What systems are impacted in a pt with uncontrolled diabetes?
Eyes, kidneys, nerves<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If the parathyroid is not producing, what symptoms do you expect?
Muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, asphyxiation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If a patient has eroding teeth and no other symptoms, what do you expect is occurring?
Bulimia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are some causes of obesity?
Metabolic syndrome, DM, heart disease, cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the brain is affected in a patient with traumatic brain injury who does not have feeling with a pin prick?
Pons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of infarct causes pure motor or pure sensory deficits?
Lacunar Infarct<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What symptoms do spinal damage to the upper motor neurons cause?
Paralysis then partial recovery<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Where is cerebral spinal fluid made?
Choroid plexus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of shock should you suspect with a spinal cord injury that causes headaches and vision problems?
Neurogenic shock<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the brain is responsible for cognition?
Frontal lobe through RAS (reticular activation)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Damage to what part of the brain causes pinpoint fixed pupils?
Pons (Pontine dysfunction)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What happens to the persons vital signs with a closed head injury?
Temporarily unstable<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the most important thing to do with a C3 injury?
Manage airway<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the purpose of folic acid in pregnancy?
Prevent neural tube defects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What gestational age does neural tubes close?
4 weeks<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes a vascular malformation that results in bleeding in the brain?
Arterial Venous Malformation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What would you suspect in an AIDS patient who has headache, fever, and altered mental status?
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What medication would you prescribe for an AIDS patient with fever, clumsy, speech problems, and difficulty walking?
Pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What would you suspect in a patient with a positive Kernig and Brubinski sign?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why do neuro changes occur in a person with Schizophrenia?
GABA dysfunction (Lack of GABA neurotransmitter\/low GABA levels)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The less responsive hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) has been implicated for what condition?
Depression<\/p>\n\n\n\n
People with depression tend to have higher levels of what in their blood stream?
Cortisol<\/p>\n\n\n\n
People with depression have a reduced amount of what in their brain?
Serotonin (treat with SSRI to increase serotonin uptake in their brain)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What does Lithium toxicity cause?
Hyponatremia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What nerve fibers conduct pain impulses?
A-delta fibers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Name an endogenous opioid.
Endomorphin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In an AIDS pt with fever, what would you suspect needed to be treated?
Infection, Treat with antibiotics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of infarct is a microsystemic CVA with pure sensory or motor defects?
Lacunar infarct<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What symptoms are caused by the Simogyi Effect?
Hypoglycemia with rebound hyperglycemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What enzyme is used by the cell membrane to transport nutrients?
Protease<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the cell membrane is hydrophobic or NOT water permeable?
Lipid bilayer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What part of the cardiac cycle has nothing occurring?
Absolute refractory period<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no matter how great a stimulus is applied?
Absolute refractory period<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is needed to move fluid from the arterial end into interstitial space?
Hydrostatic pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of cell adapts by replacing one with another?
Metaplasia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is an example of hyperplasia?
Breast tissue increasing due to pregnancy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a risk associated with blood transfusions?
Hemosiderosis (too much iron)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A patient has a sodium level of 164. What symptoms would be present?
Confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, coma. (The cells shrink, and water follow sodium)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diagnose: pH 7.28, HCO3 28, CO2 60?
Respiratory Acidosis (non compensated)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A person with A and B alleles has what type of blood?
AB<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why would one identical twin get asthma, but the other does not?
Epigenetics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of infection would you suspect with a high eosinophil level?
Parasite infection<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why is there a poor inflammatory response in neonates?
Compliment system is not developed (pathogens exposure develops the compliment system)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why are there different routes for vaccines?
They impact the different lymphocytes in those areas to stimulate immunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What treatment is given to a patient with an IgE response?
Antihistamine<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What happens in a type 2 hypersensitivity?
Antibodies bind to antigens<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How is chronic pain diagnosed?
Pain lasting more than 3 months<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How many people are estimated to develop a dependence on substances?
1 out of 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary that stimulated uterine contraction during labor and milk production in breasts?
Oxytocin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?
Confusion, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Hemosiderosis?
excessive accumulation of iron deposits in the tissue<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
dizziness, fatigue, nausea, headache, confusion<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell?
Endotoxin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What disorder causes absence of menses, darkening of skin, and muscle weakness?
Addison’s disease (hypocortisolism)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What disorder causes a fatty hump between the shoulders, rounded face, and pick or purple stretch marks?
Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the areas on your skin called that are attached to a specific nerve bundle?
Dermatomes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is does a Lacunar infarct affect?
pure sensory or motor<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A decreased amount of Serotonin can cause what?
Depression<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What has been linked to a dysfunction or lack of GABA neurotransmitter?
Schizophrenia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What can bone pain, anorexia, and bruising be a sign of?
early leukemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sources;<\/p>\n\n\n\n