{"id":130519,"date":"2023-12-18T06:49:23","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T06:49:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=130519"},"modified":"2023-12-18T06:49:28","modified_gmt":"2023-12-18T06:49:28","slug":"final-exam-nur2392-nur-2392-new-2023-2024-multidimensional-care-ii-mdc-2-exam-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-grade-a-rasmussen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/12\/18\/final-exam-nur2392-nur-2392-new-2023-2024-multidimensional-care-ii-mdc-2-exam-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-grade-a-rasmussen\/","title":{"rendered":"Final Exam: NUR2392\/ NUR 2392 (New 2023\/ 2024) Multidimensional Care II\/ MDC 2 Exam| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- Rasmussen"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Final Exam: NUR2392\/ NUR 2392 (New 2023\/ 2024) Multidimensional Care II\/ MDC 2 Exam| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- Rasmussen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Final Exam: NUR2392\/ NUR 2392 (New
2023\/ 2024) Multidimensional Care II\/ MDC
2 Exam| Questions and Verified Answers|
100% Correct| Grade A- Rasmussen
QUESTION
Hyperthyroidism aka Grave’s disease<\/em>
\u25aa Laboratory Tests
Answer:
INCREASED<\/em>
\u25aa T3, T4
DECREASED<\/em>
\u25aa TSH
QUESTION
__<\/strong><\/em><\/strong> is an autoimmune disorder where Beta cells are destroyed<\/em>
Answer:
type 1 diabetes mellitus
QUESTION
Type I Diabetes<\/em>
\u25aa Signs & Symptoms
Answer:
\u25aa Polyuria<\/em>
\u25aa Polydipsia<\/em>
\u25aa Polyphagia<\/em>
\u25aa Kussmaul Respirations<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Fruity breath
\u25aa Abdominal pain
\u25aa Ketone bodies
\u25aa Dehydration
\u25aa Orthostatic Hypotension
\u25aa Hypoxia
\u25aa Weight loss
\u25aa Fatigue
\u25aa Nausea
\u25aa Anxiety
\u25aa Rashes
\u25aa Skin infections
\u25aa Peripheral neuropathy
QUESTION
Type I or Type II Diabetes<\/em>
\u25aa Laboratory tests
Answer:
INCREASED:
\u25aa Hemoglobin A1C
\u25aa Random blood glucose
\u25aa Fasting blood glucose
QUESTION
How would you interpret?<\/em>
\u25aa A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg\/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 6.0%
Answer:
Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg\/dL<\/em>
Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%<\/em>
\u25aa They may have eaten poorly the night before (had alcohol or a high carb dinner) but otherwise
have been compliant the past 3 months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

QUESTION
How would you interpret?<\/em>
\u25aa A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 99 mg\/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 9.0%
Answer:
Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg\/dL<\/em>
Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%<\/em>
\u25aa They tried to eat well a few days leading up to the test but have not been compliant the past 3
months.
QUESTION
How would you interpret?<\/em>
\u25aa A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg\/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 10.0%
Answer:
Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg\/dL<\/em>
Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%<\/em>
\u25aa They have not been compliant at all!
QUESTION
If we are giving a patient Novolin R, when are they at the greatest risk for hypoglycemia?
p. 1294
Answer:
This is a short-acting, regular insulin<\/em>
\u25aa at the peak point (half-life), which for Novolin R is at 2.5-5 hrs<\/em>
\u25aa this means they need to plan to eat something at that time
\u25aa not recommended to take before bedtime b\/c of this issue
QUESTION<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPH (intermediate-acting insulin)<\/em>
\u25aa Onset, Peak
p. 1294
Answer:
\u25aa onset: 1-5 hours
\u25aa peak: 4-12 hours
QUESTION
Long-acting insulin<\/em>
\u25aa Onset, Peak
p. 1294
Answer:
\u25aa onset: 2-4 hours
\u25aa peak: 6-12 hours
QUESTION
_<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong> is a type of hyperventilation that is the lung’s emergency response to acidosis.
It causes a labored, deeper breathing rate. It is most commonly associated with conditions that
cause metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetes<\/em>
Answer:
Kussmaul breathing
QUESTION
Diabetic Ketoacidosis<\/em>
(SATA Q?)
\u25aa Immediate Treatment
Powered by https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Final<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

PT PAP HOT<\/strong>

\u25aa Pituitary
\u25aa Thyroid

\u25aa Pancreas
\u25aa Adrenals
\u25aa Parathyroid

\u25aa Hypothalamus
\u25aa Ovaries
\u25aa Testes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are the glands of the endocrine system? (SATA Q?)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Grave’s disease<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and\/or exophthalmos<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Treatments<\/strong>
\u25aa Rx: methimazole, atenolol, and iodine-131<\/strong>
\u25aa radiation therapy

Nursing Interventions<\/strong>
\u25aa provide a calm environment
\u25aa keep patients room cool
\u25aa assess pain
\u25aa prepare patient for surgery
\u25aa post-operative care
\u25aa maintain a patent airway
——– same as hypothyroidism ———
\u25aa provide periods of rest
\u25aa continuous cardiac monitoring
\u25aa monitor vital signs
\u25aa daily weight
\u25aa monitor I&O
\u25aa monitor laboratory tests
\u25aa apply antiembolism stockings to prevent DVT
\u25aa provide skin care<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HYPERthyroidism aka Grave’s disease<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

pituitary gland<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

_________ is considered to be the “master gland” as it secretes hormones that control other parts of the endocrine system.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa ACTH
\u25aa TSH

\u25aa are the most life threatening because they cause a decrease in the secretion of vital hormones from the adrenal and thyroid glands.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anterior HYPOpituitarism<\/strong>

\u25aa Deficiencies of which two hormones are the most life threatening?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bloodwork (all are DECREASED<\/strong>)
\u25aa T3
\u25aa T4
\u25aa Prolactin
\u25aa Testosterone
\u25aa Estradiol

Scans (you’ll always draw blood work first for diagnostics though)
\u25aa CT\/MRI – detect bone or soft tissue lesions
\u25aa Skull X-ray – detect enlargement, erosions, and calcification of the sella turcica<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anterior HYPOpituitarism<\/strong>

\u25aa Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

TRUE! We have very small amounts of testosterone or estradiol no matter if we are men or women.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\/F: do both men and women have testosterone and estradiol?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED:<\/strong>
\u25aa Prolactin – this might be the answer to the Q
\u25aa Cortisol
\u25aa TSH
\u25aa LH (men)
\u25aa FSH (men)
\u25aa Glucose

DECREASED:<\/strong>
\u25aa Gonadotropin<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anterior HYPERpituitarism<\/strong>

(SATA Q?)

\u25aa Laboratory Tests<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Prevent infection because they are immunosuppressed
\u25aa handwashing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HYPERcortisolism (aka Cushing’s Disease)

Priority Intervention<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

diabetes insipidus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Deficiency of ADH<\/strong> resulting in large volumes of dilute urine
\u25aa A disorder of the posterior pituitary gland<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

They are losing a lot of water:<\/strong>

\u2022 polyuria
\u2022 polydipsia
\u2022 dehydration
\u2022 fluid\/electrolyte imbalance
\u2022 dilute, low urine specific gravity (<1.005)
\u2022 high plasma osmolarity
\u2022 output does not decrease when fluid intake decreases

remember! your s\/s are going to look like dehydration<\/strong>
\u2022 tachycardia
\u2022 hypotension
\u2022 poor turgor
\u2022 dry mucous membranes
\u2022 decreased cognition
\u2022 ataxia
\u2022 irritability<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posterior Pituitary Gland: Diabetes Insipidus:<\/strong>

\u25aa What will the patient present with?\/Key Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa desmopressin acetate (a synthetic form of vasopressin<\/strong>)
\u25aa can be PO, SL, or intranasal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Posterior Pituitary Gland: Diabetes Insipidus:<\/strong>

\u25aa Drug Therapy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Addison’s disease<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is adrenal gland hypofunction?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa If the patient remains alert and oriented x 3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addison’s Disease<\/strong>

\u25aa How do you know the therapy is working?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Glucocorticoid drugs MUST be withdrawn slowly so you don’t wind up with Addison’s or adrenal insufficiency<\/strong>

\u25aa This allows for pituitary protection of ACTH and activation of the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addison’s Disease<\/strong>

\u25aa How do you discontinue glucocorticoid therapy to avoid secondary adrenal insufficiency?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Muscle weakness<\/strong>
\u25aa Muscle\/joint pain
\u25aa Fatigue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addison’s Disease<\/strong>

\u25aa Neuromuscular S\/S<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Hypertension<\/strong>
\u25aa Dependent edema
\u25aa Bruising
\u25aa Petechiae<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cushing’s Disease aka hypercortisolism<\/strong>

\u25aa Cardiovascular S\/S<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED<\/strong>
\u2022 blood glucose level
\u2022 sodium level
\u2022 late-night salivary cortisol
*\u2022 urine cortisol<\/strong>*

DECREASED<\/strong>
\u2022 lymphocyte count
\u2022 calcium level<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cushing’s Disease aka hypercortisolism<\/strong>

\u25aa Laboratory Tests<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa potassium (K)<\/strong>
\u25aa calcium (Ca)
\u25aa BUN

DECREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa serum cortisol
\u25aa salivary cortisol
\u25aa fasting blood glucose
\u25aa sodium (Na)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addison’s Disease<\/strong>

\u25aa Laboratory Tests<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sodium increases
Potassium decreases<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In hyperaldosteronism<\/strong> what happens with potassium and sodium? (Remember…it’s the opposite of Addison’s disease)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heat intolerance<\/strong> – they are sweaty!<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hyperthyroidism aka Grave’s disease<\/strong>

\u25aa Hallmark assessment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pheochromocytoma<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine, so you are in a constant fight\/flight state.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Do not smoke
\u25aa Do not drink caffeine
\u25aa Do not change position suddenly
\u25aa Eat a diet rich in calories, vitamins, and minerals (avoid tyramine foods)

Any of the above can cause a hypertensive crisis (closely monitor their BP!)

never palpate or can give pt a massive rush of catecholamines (epinephrine)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pheochromocytoma<\/strong>

\u25aa Patient Education<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cold intolerance<\/strong>

Other S\/S:
\u25aa think dehydration: fatigue, weakness, lethargy, constipation, dry skin
\u25aa poor memory
\u25aa fatigue
\u25aa lack of energy -> sleeping more frequently
\u25aa muscle aches
\u25aa stiff muscles<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypothyroidism<\/strong>

\u25aa Hallmark assessment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Improvement usually occurs within 2 weeks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thyroid Therapy<\/strong>

\u25aa When will a patient feel therapeutic effects?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What does a thyroidectomy cause?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Thyroid surgery can cause parathyroid gland injury which results in tetany and hypocalcemia<\/strong>

Assess for:
\u25aa muscle twitching
\u25aa muscle spasms
\u25aa tingling around the mouth
\u25aa tingling of the toes and fingers
\u25aa hoarseness
\u25aa stridor
\u25aa suture line pressure
\u25aa thyroid storm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thyroid Surgery (thyroidectomy)<\/strong>

\u25aa What is the biggest thing we are watching for post-op?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Think hypocalcemia S\/S<\/strong>

\u25aa muscle cramps
\u25aa muscle spasms of the hands and feet.
\u25aa Mild tingling\/numbness to muscle tetany
\u25aa Seizures w\/o loss of consciousness
\u25aa Irritability
\u25aa Positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s Signs<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypoparathyroidism<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

thyroid storm

priority: maintain a patent airway and adequate ventilation.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

\u25aa an individual’s heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature can soar to dangerously high levels.

Even with treatment may lead to death.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

DECREASE – hypothyroidism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a person ages, thyroid levels may ______________.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa TSH
\u25aa Serum thyroglobulin level (Thyroid Cancer<\/strong>)

DECREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa T3, T4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypothyroidism<\/strong>

\u25aa Diagnostic Labs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Treatments<\/strong>
\u25aa Rx: levothyroxine sodium or liothyronine sodium

Nursing Interventions<\/strong>
\u25aa maintain fluid restriction
\u25aa provide warm blankets
\u25aa assess bowel sounds and elimination patterns
\u25aa assess for changes in neurological status
\u25aa monitor for S\/S of myxedema coma: bradycardia, hypotension, decreased RR, hypothermia, change in LOC
——— same as hyperthyroidism ———-
\u25aa provide periods of rest
\u25aa continuous cardiac monitoring
\u25aa monitor vital signs
\u25aa daily weight
\u25aa monitor I&O
\u25aa monitor laboratory tests
\u25aa apply antiembolism stockings to prevent DVT
\u25aa provide skin care<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HYPOthyroidism<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hashimoto’s disease<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

\u25aa chronic hypothyroidism

\u25aa triggered by bacterial or viral infection<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa T3, T4


DECREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa TSH<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hyperthyroidism aka Grave’s disease<\/strong>

\u25aa Laboratory Tests<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

type 1 diabetes mellitus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

____________ is an autoimmune disorder where Beta cells are destroyed<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Polyuria<\/strong>
\u25aa Polydipsia<\/strong>
\u25aa Polyphagia<\/strong>
\u25aa Kussmaul Respirations<\/strong>
\u25aa Fruity breath
\u25aa Abdominal pain
\u25aa Ketone bodies
\u25aa Dehydration
\u25aa Orthostatic Hypotension
\u25aa Hypoxia
\u25aa Weight loss
\u25aa Fatigue
\u25aa Nausea
\u25aa Anxiety
\u25aa Rashes
\u25aa Skin infections
\u25aa Peripheral neuropathy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Type I Diabetes<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED:
\u25aa Hemoglobin A1C
\u25aa Random blood glucose
\u25aa Fasting blood glucose<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Type I or Type II Diabetes<\/strong>

\u25aa Laboratory tests<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg\/dL<\/strong>
Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%<\/strong>

\u25aa They may have eaten poorly the night before (had alcohol or a high carb dinner) but otherwise have been compliant the past 3 months.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

How would you interpret?<\/strong>

\u25aa A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg\/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 6.0%<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg\/dL<\/strong>
Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%<\/strong>

\u25aa They tried to eat well a few days leading up to the test but have not been compliant the past 3 months.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

How would you interpret?<\/strong>

\u25aa A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 99 mg\/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 9.0%<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg\/dL<\/strong>
Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%<\/strong>

\u25aa They have not been compliant at all!<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

How would you interpret?<\/strong>

\u25aa A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg\/dL and a hemoglobin A1C of 10.0%<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

This is a short-acting, regular insulin<\/strong>

\u25aa at the peak point (half-life), which for Novolin R is at 2.5-5 hrs<\/strong>
\u25aa this means they need to plan to eat something at that time
\u25aa not recommended to take before bedtime b\/c of this issue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If we are giving a patient Novolin R, when are they at the greatest risk for hypoglycemia?

p. 1294<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa onset: 1-5 hours
\u25aa peak: 4-12 hours<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPH (intermediate-acting insulin)<\/strong>

\u25aa Onset, Peak

p. 1294<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa onset: 2-4 hours
\u25aa peak: 6-12 hours<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Long-acting insulin<\/strong>

\u25aa Onset, Peak

p. 1294<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kussmaul breathing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

_____________ is a type of hyperventilation that is the lung’s emergency response to acidosis. It causes a labored, deeper breathing rate. It is most commonly associated with conditions that cause metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetes<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa IV normal saline<\/strong>
\u25aa regular, short-acting insulin<\/strong>
\u25aa hydration<\/strong>

“Hydration…Insulin…Electrolyte Replacement”

\u25aa assess airway, LOC, hydration, electrolytes, and blood glucose
\u25aa check vitals every 15 minutes
\u25aa Insulin IV (regular) bolus, then infusion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diabetic Ketoacidosis<\/strong>

(SATA Q?)

\u25aa Immediate Treatment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa hypokalemia as potassium drops very quickly (potassium fluctuations!)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diabetic Ketoacidosis<\/strong>

\u25aa Common Cause of Death<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Assessment<\/strong>
\u25aa Sudden onset
\u25aa Kussmaul respirations<\/strong>
\u25aa “rotting fruit” breath<\/strong>
\u25aa nausea
\u25aa abdominal pain<\/strong>
\u25aa polyuria<\/strong>
\u25aa polydipsia<\/strong>
\u25aa dehydration or electrolyte loss:
\u25aa weight loss
\u25aa dry skin
\u25aa sunken eyes
\u25aa soft eyeballs
\u25aa lethargy
\u25aa coma

Laboratory Tests<\/strong>
\u25aa Serum glucose >300 mg\/dL
\u25aa Positive urine ketones<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diabetic Ketoacidosis<\/strong>

(SATA Q?)

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa tight glycemic control and prevention of hyperglycemia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What helps to control or delay macrovascular and microvascular disease?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

push IV dextrose bolus (D50W)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If your severely hypoglycemic patient is not alert and oriented, what drug therapy are you giving them?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Give 10-15 g of glucose (tablets\/gels)
\u25aa Repeat in 15 min if glucose is <60mg\/dL or they have not improved.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If your hypoglycemia patient is alert and oriented and can swallow, what drug therapy are you giving them?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Carbohydrate count
\u25aa Medical Alert Bracelet
\u25aa Carry a snack, especially if exercising<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypoglycemia<\/strong>

\u25aa Patient Education<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa How to do fingersticks or give injections
\u25aa S\/S of hypoglycemia and DKA
\u25aa Inspect feet at least once a day
\u25aa Wear closed-toed shoes that are sturdy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diabetes in General<\/strong>

\u25aa Patient Education<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa dehydration
\u25aa electrolyte loss
\u25aa fluid loss

Observe for fungal or yeast infections, which appear as dark red rashes with “satellite” lesions.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What do you monitor for in a patient with diarrhea?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa chronic or recurrent diarrhea
\u25aa constipation
\u25aa abdominal pain
\u25aa bloating

remember! it’s unique bc you get both diarrhea and constipation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irritable Bowel Syndrome<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa diet modification
\u25aa stress reduction
\u25aa adhere to medications such as bulk forming laxatives, antidiarrheal agents<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irritable Bowel Syndrome<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatment\/Nursing Interventions\/Education<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

non-mechanical bowel obstruction<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If someone is post-op and they have no bowel sounds and have not passed gas, what would you suspect?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Call the MD, this indicates a lack of tissue perfusion (ischemia)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If a patient is post-op from a colostomy or ileostomy and you discover a blue stoma what would you do?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

beefy red<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What color is a stoma supposed to be?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Appearance of a normal stoma (beefy red)
\u2022 Signs and symptoms of complications
\u2022 Measurement of the stoma
\u2022 Choice, use, care, and application of the appropriate appliance to cover the stoma
\u2022 Measures to protect the skin adjacent to the stoma
\u2022 NUTRITION changes to control gas and odor
\u2022 What to expect in terms of stool consistency
\u2022 Resumption of normal activities, including work, travel, and sexual intercourse<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stoma<\/strong>

\u25aa Patient Education<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa pain management<\/strong>
\u25aa sitz baths<\/strong>
\u25aa keep their stool as liquid as possible (use bulk producing agents)
\u25aa administer medications as prescribed (i.e. antibiotics)
\u25aa post-operative care (i.e. incision and drainage)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anorectal Abscess<\/strong>

\u25aa Nursing Interventions & Treatments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

anorectal abscess<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collection of perianal pus resulting from an infection in the anal glands. Usually a result of an obstruction (feces, foreign bodies, or trauma)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa increase dietary fiber, fluids
\u25aa cold packs
\u25aa sitz baths
\u25aa stool softeners
\u25aa manage pain: topical anesthetics (ex: lidocaine)
\u25aa cleanse anal area with moistened cleansing tissues
\u25aa avoid sitting for long periods
\u25aa surgical intervention: hemorrhoidectomy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hemorrhoids<\/strong>

\u25aa Nursing Interventions & Treatments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

chronic pancreatitis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

inflammation of the pancreas resulting from continuous damage to the pancreas over time

\u25aa r\/t long-term heavy smoking and alcohol use
\u25aa remissions and exacerbations<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

pancreatectomy<\/strong>

after this procedure they will be on insulin for the rest of their lives<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chronic Pancreatitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Surgical procedure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa amylase
\u25aa lipase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pancreatitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Which labs will be elevated?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa NPO<\/strong>
\u25aa pain management<\/strong>
\u25aa histamine receptor antagonists
\u25aa PPIs
\u25aa NG tube<\/strong>
\u25aa IV fluids as prescribed<\/strong>
\u25aa monitor electrolytes
\u25aa monitor vitals signs for fever, tachycardia, hypotension
\u25aa monitor blood glucose
\u25aa oral care
\u25aa skin care
\u25aa surgical interventions: exploratory laparotomy, sphincterotomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pancreatitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatment\/Nursing Interventions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

ulcerative colitis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa classified as an inflammatory bowel disorder that can occur anywhere in the GI tract
\u25aa inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa of the colon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa nutritional therapy
\u25aa antidiarrheal
\u25aa salicylates
\u25aa steroids<\/strong>
\u25aa modify diet
\u25aa psychological support
\u25aa surgical interventions: restorative proctocolectomy with ileo pouch-anal anastomosis, total proctocolectomy with a permanent ileostomy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ulcerative Colitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Stools: 10-20 liquid, bloody stools
Rectum –> Cecum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If a patient has ulcerative colitis, what are the stools like and where is the inflammation generally at?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Crohn’s disease<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa classified as an inflammatory bowel disease in which part of the GI tract becomes inflamed and can result in the development of abscesses, fistulas, and fissures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa weight loss
\u25aa fever
\u25aa abdominal pain
\u25aa blood in the stool
\u25aa diarrhea
\u25aa steatorrhea

malabsorption syndrome is a complication, treated with TPN<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crohn’s Disease<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Stools: 5-6 soft stools
Terminal ileum –> all bowels<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If a patient has Crohn’s disease, what are the stools like and where is the inflammation located?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Think of fluid volume overload for S\/S<\/strong>

\u25aa weight gain (fluid retention<\/strong>)
\u25aa N\/V
\u25aa tachycardia
\u25aa hypertension
\u25aa bounding pulse
\u25aa confusion
\u25aa increased thirst
\u25aa muscle weakness
\u25aa weakness
\u25aa fatigue
\u25aa seizures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SIADH<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Diuretics, 3% hypertonic saline<\/strong>, declomycin

-Want to remove fluid and add sodium<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SIADH<\/strong>

\u25aa Medications to Treat<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa decreased urine osmolarity (becoming less concentrated)
\u25aa increased urination (water is finally leaving)
\u25aa weight loss (water is finally leaving)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SIADH<\/strong>

\u25aa How do we know treatment is effective?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa urine osmolarity (concentrated urine)
\u25aa GFR

DECREASED<\/strong>
\u25aa serum sodium (hyponatremia<\/strong> r\/t fluid retention)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SIADH<\/strong>

\u25aa Lab Values<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Free water (not salt) is retained; dependent edema not usually present, even though water is retained.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What kind of water is retained in SIADH?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cholecystitis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones; can be acute or chronic<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa upper abdominal pain – radiates to right shoulder<\/strong>
\u25aa tachycardia
\u25aa pain triggered by eating
\u25aa anorexia
\u25aa N\/V
\u25aa dyspepsia
\u25aa fever
\u25aa rebound tenderness
\u25aa jaundice<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cholecystitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

appendicitis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

inflammation of the appendix; if left untreated, appendix may rupture and result in infection<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa N\/V
\u25aa abdominal pain
\u25aa epigastric pain
\u25aa periumbilical pain<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Appendicitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa administer IV fluids
\u25aa administer antibiotics
\u25aa monitor fluid and electrolytes
\u25aa manage pain
\u25aa post-operative care
\u25aa discharge education for wound management
\u25aa no laxatives\/enemas
\u25aa no heat
\u25aa place in Semi-Fowler’s position for comfort<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Appendicitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Nursing Interventions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

CBC to check the hemoglobin and hematocrit<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If someone is bleeding out, whether it’s GI bleed or trauma, what lab are you ordering?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

melena<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

black, tarry stool with occult blood indicates minimal bleeding from ulcers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

diverticular disease<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

herniation or outpouchings of the mucosa membrane of the bowel caused by an increase of pressure within the colon<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa stool softeners<\/strong>
\u25aa fiber
\u25aa fluids

avoid: laxatives, enemas<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diverticulitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa monitor vital signs (BP) to determine fluid volume status
\u25aa monitor fluid and electrolytes
\u25aa monitor intake and output
\u25aa assess abdomen for bowel sounds, distention, flatus
\u25aa manage nasogastric (NG) tube
– monitor drainage
– ensure tube patency
– check tube placement
– irrigate tube as prescribed
\u25aa keep patient NPO
\u25aa provide frequent oral and nares care
\u25aa ambulate patient
\u25aa semi-fowler’s position
\u25aa administer medication for pain<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Small Bowel Obstruction<\/strong>

\u25aa Nursing Interventions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

malabsorption syndrome<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

the small intestine is unable to absorb nutrients<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

INCREASED
\u25aa fecal fat analysis (steatorrhea)

DECREASED
\u25aa MCV
\u25aa MCH
\u25aa MCHC

\u25aa hydrogen breath test
\u25aa lactose tolerance test
\u25aa Schilling test (B-12)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malabsorption Syndrome<\/strong>

\u25aa Laboratory Tests<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa weight loss
\u25aa bloating
\u25aa bruising
\u25aa + hydrogen breath test<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malabsorption Syndrome<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

computed tomography (CT)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What diagnostic test is used to determine distention, abscess, or perforation?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Severe pain that then stops and changes to tenderness on palpation
\u25aa Abdominal pain (often severe and diffuse)
\u25aa Severe abdominal cramping.
\u25aa Bloating.
\u25aa N\/V
\u25aa A change in bowel movements or habits.
\u25aa Rectal bleeding.
\u25aa Fever (usually not immediately)
\u25aa Chills.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GI medical emergency: Perforation<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Retinopathy
\u25aa Neuropathy
\u25aa Nephropathy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Microvascular complications of Diabetes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Coronary artery disease<\/strong>
\u25aa Cerebrovascular disease
\u25aa Peripheral vascular disease
\u25aa Reduced immunity
All lead to morbidity and mortality<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Macrovascular complications of Diabetes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Myxedema coma<\/strong>

nursing interventions: treat cardiac and respiratory issues

Flabby heart muscle & chambers increase in size= decreased cardiac output w\/ decreased perfusion and gas exchange in the brain; results in organ failure.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

life threatening emergency and serious complication of untreated or poorly treated hypothyroidism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

HbA1c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

average blood glucose level over the past 3 months<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

altered mental status<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is your first sign of hypoglycemia?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Increased Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Which lab value confirms the diagnosis of colorectal cancer?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Diet modification: reduce refined carbs, red meats, and fat. increase fiber
\u25aa Smoking cessation
\u25aa Alcohol cessation
\u25aa Fecal occult blood test every year
\u25aa Colonoscopy every 10 years, or double-contrast barium enema every 5 years after age 50.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colorectal Cancer<\/strong>

\u25aa Patient Education<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa age > 50
\u25aa diet (red meat, fat, refined carbs, low fiber)
\u25aa genetic predisposition
\u25aa family history (1st degree relative)
\u25aa Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s or U.C.)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colorectal Cancer<\/strong>

\u25aa Risk Factors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

assess patency of the NG tube<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patient with NG tube is uncomfortable, what intervention would you do first?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

abdominal x-ray<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gold standard to confirm placement of NG tubes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Explain procedure
\u25aa Checking Placement
\u25aa Assessing patency
\u25aa Maintenance of NG tube<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Steps of the NG tube process<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

islets of Langerhans (beta cells)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The region of the pancreas that is responsible for insulin production<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Peritonitis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs within it)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa abdominal pain<\/strong>
\u25aa abdominal distention
\u25aa N\/V
\u25aa fever<\/strong>
\u25aa rebound tenderness
\u25aa decreased urine output
\u25aa tachycardia<\/strong>
\u25aa hypotension<\/strong>
\u25aa diminished bowel sounds<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peritonitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Post-surgical<\/strong>
\u25aa Monitor the patient’s level of consciousness, vital signs, respiratory status (respiratory rate and breath sounds), and intake and output at least hourly immediately after abdominal surgery.
\u25aa Maintain the patient in a semi-Fowler’s position to promote drainage of peritoneal contents into the lower region of the abdominal cavity. This position also helps increase lung expansion.

\u25aa administer IV fluids
\u25aa administer antibiotics
\u25aa daily weight
\u25aa monitor vital signs
\u25aa monitor fluid & electrolytes
\u25aa manage nasogastric tube
\u25aa supplemental oxygen
\u25aa post-operative care
\u25aa NG tube
\u25aa antibiotics
\u25aa pain management
\u25aa surgical interventions: exploratory laparotomy, wound exploration<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peritonitis<\/strong>

\u25aa Nursing Interventions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

flatus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

How would you know a bowel obstruction is resolving?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa N\/V<\/strong>
\u25aa abdominal pain
\u25aa abdominal distention
\u25aa decreased bowel sounds<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bowel Obstruction<\/strong>

\u25aa Signs & Symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Wound ostomy continence nurse (WOCN)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a nurse specially educated to care for ostomy patients<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

peritonitis<\/strong>

\u25aa bacteria gains entrance into the peritoneum this way; infection comes next<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you do not treat appendicitis and it perforates, what is this called?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

patient stops steroids suddenly<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are some causes of adrenal insufficiency (Addisonian Crisis)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Addisonian crisis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is a life threatening acute adrenal insufficiency. The body needs more cortisol and aldosterone than it is able to supply.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Dexamethasone 4-12 mg IV bolus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addisonian Crisis<\/strong>

\u25aa Emergency Treatment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa cortisol replacement<\/strong>
\u25aa prednisone

Additionally, hydrocortisone sodium and dexamethasone<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Addisonian Crisis<\/strong>

\u25aa Early Detection Treatment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

AVOID:
\u25aa milk<\/strong> (it’s high in phosphate)

SHOULD EAT:
\u25aa green leafy vegetables<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypoparathyroidism<\/strong>

\u25aa Food to avoid<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Metformin (Glucophage)<\/strong>
\u25aa Glyburide
\u25aa Pioglitazone
\u25aa Repaglinide
\u25aa Diet
\u25aa Exercise<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Type II Diabetes<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatments (including medications)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa dietician
\u25aa diabetes educator
\u25aa cultural assessment
\u25aa interpreter<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Type II Diabetes<\/strong>

\u25aa Multidimensional Care<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Glucose is the main fuel for the CNS because the brain cannot produce or store glucose<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why is it important to keep glucose maintained?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

loss of muscle tissue.
It can also result in Cushing’s syndrome (aka hypercortisolism), which can lead to: a fatty hump between your shoulders, etc. (think of Cushing’s S\/S)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Side effects of long-term glucocorticoid use<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aging<\/strong>

hormone excess\/deficiency or poor hormone-receptor interactions resulting in decreased responsiveness of the target tissue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are contributing factors to endocrine changes?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa diuretic and hydration therapy to help reduce serum calcium levels. Ex: LASIX<\/strong>
\u25aa Monitor for: tingling\/numbness in extremities, cardiac function during rehydration
\u25aa Pt high risk for fractures<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hyperparathyroidism<\/strong>

\u25aa Treatments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u25aa Laxatives are products that help people to poop by causing bowel movements.
\u25aa Stool softeners are a type of laxative that works by drawing water into the stool, making it softer and more comfortable to pass.

Answer: Stool softeners, such as docusate sodium (Colace)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is the difference between a laxative and a stool softener?
Which one should a healthcare provider prescribe before and after surgery?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image:<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

sources;
https:\/\/www.gcu.edu\/
https:\/\/yaveni.com\/
https:\/\/www.rasmussen.edu\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Final Exam: NUR2392\/ NUR 2392 (New 2023\/ 2024) Multidimensional Care II\/ MDC 2 Exam| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- Rasmussen Final Exam: NUR2392\/ NUR 2392 (New2023\/ 2024) Multidimensional Care II\/ MDC2 Exam| Questions and Verified Answers|100% Correct| Grade A- RasmussenQUESTIONHyperthyroidism aka Grave’s disease\u25aa Laboratory TestsAnswer:INCREASED\u25aa T3, T4DECREASED\u25aa TSHQUESTION__ is an autoimmune disorder […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-130519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130519"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130519\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=130519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}