{"id":130739,"date":"2023-12-20T19:26:26","date_gmt":"2023-12-20T19:26:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/?p=130739"},"modified":"2023-12-20T19:26:30","modified_gmt":"2023-12-20T19:26:30","slug":"comd-5070-exam-2-latest-2023-2024-update-acoustics-of-speech-and-hearing-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-grade-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/2023\/12\/20\/comd-5070-exam-2-latest-2023-2024-update-acoustics-of-speech-and-hearing-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-grade-a\/","title":{"rendered":"COMD 5070 Exam 2 (Latest 2023\/ 2024 Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>COMD 5070 Exam 2 (Latest 2023\/ 2024 Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>COMD 5070 Exam 2 (Latest 2023\/ 2024<br>Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing|<br>Questions and Verified Answers| 100%<br>Correct| Grade A<br>Q: what is subglottal pressure?<br>Answer:<br>P\u2304sub<br>-pressure below the larynx<br>-driving pressure for phonation<br>Q: what are some direct ways to measure subglottal pressure?<br>Answer:<br>-tracheal puncture<br>-esophageal pressure<br>Q: how can you measure subglottal pressure?<br>Answer:<br>there are both direct (tracheal puncture and esophageal balloon) and indirect measures (psub<br>estimate)<br>Q: how can you estimate subglottal pressure?<br>Answer:<br>produce voiceless bilabial plosive (&#8220;pah, pah, pah&#8221;)<br>-when oral pressure equals subglottal pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Q: how much subglottal pressure (P\u2304sub) is necessary for normal speech?<br>Answer:<br>5-7 cmH2O<br>Q: how much subglottal pressure (P\u2304sub) is necessary for very loud speech?<br>Answer:<br>15-20 cmH2O<br>Q: there is a clear association between P\u2304sub and <em>__<\/em>.<br>Answer:<br>SPL (sound pressure level)<br>Q: what is phonation threshold pressure (PTP)?<br>Answer:<br>pressure for folds to start vibrating<br>Q: how much PTP is needed to start VF vibration?<br>Answer:<br>3-5 cmH2O<br>Q: what influences PTP?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Answer:<br>-dehydration (dried out and less compliant vocal cords)<br>-vocal fatigue (swollen vocal cords)<br>Q: what is pressure?<br>Answer:<br>force per unit area<br>-is a force divided by the area over which the force is exerted<br>-force\/area<br>Q: what is flow?<br>Answer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>E=IR (voltage=current resistance)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pressure = flow x resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>resistance = pressure \/ flow<br>Q: what is the unit for pressure in speech research?<br>Answer:<br>cmH2O<br>-how many cm would a water column be displaced by this pressure?<br>Q: what is the intra-oral air pressure when a vowel is produced?<br>Answer:<br>equal to atmospheric pressure<br>Q: what is the intra-oral air pressure when a fricative is produced?<br>Powered by <a href=\"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/comd-5070-exam-2-latest-2023-2024-update-acoustics-of-speech-and-hearing-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-grade-a-725x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-130740\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how do you calculate average air flow?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>dividing volume used by time<br>-for example, if 1 liter of air is used and phonation lasts for 5 seconds<br>-average flow = 1\/5 liters per second = 0.2 L\/s<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what does a u-tube manometer measure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Static pressure<br>-tube in the shape of a u<br>water in tube is identical until<br>water in the tube\/pressure applied<br>displace water<br>-easure the difference in height=<br>amount of centimeters of water displaced by pressure applied<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>u-tube manometer: what is it best used for?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-can use to calibrate equipment used to measure pressure<br>very low tech<br>-can easily see how much pressure there was<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is a u-tube manometer not suited for?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-rather crude<br>-measuring pressure during dynamic speech production<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what does &#8220;h&#8221; equal for a u-tube manometer?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>difference in cmH2O<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=100,onerror=redirect,w=120\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/MIHNO0E8-JkC6Md.ZUELpg.png\" alt=\"Image: what does &quot;h&quot; equal for a u-tube manometer?\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>during inhalation, what happens to the rib cage and abdomen?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>both expand<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>during singing, how do the rib cage and abdomen move?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>they move independent of each other, making small changes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how can you measure chest wall movements?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>stretchable bands around the body (on abdomen and on rib cage) that measure movements<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>during exhalation, what happens to the rib cage and abdomen?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>both contract<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is subglottal pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>P\u2304sub<br>-pressure below the larynx<br>-driving pressure for phonation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what are some direct ways to measure subglottal pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-tracheal puncture<br>-esophageal pressure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how can you measure subglottal pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>there are both direct (tracheal puncture and esophageal balloon) and indirect measures (psub estimate)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how can you estimate subglottal pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>produce voiceless bilabial plosive (&#8220;pah, pah, pah&#8221;)<br>-when oral pressure equals subglottal pressure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how much subglottal pressure (P\u2304sub) is necessary for normal speech?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>5-7 cmH2O<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how much subglottal pressure (P\u2304sub) is necessary for very loud speech?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>15-20 cmH2O<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>there is a clear association between P\u2304sub and ____.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>SPL (sound pressure level)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is phonation threshold pressure (PTP)?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>pressure for folds to start vibrating<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how much PTP is needed to start VF vibration?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>3-5 cmH2O<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what influences PTP?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-dehydration (dried out and less compliant vocal cords)<br>-vocal fatigue (swollen vocal cords)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>force per unit area<br>-is a force divided by the area over which the force is exerted<br>-force\/area<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is flow?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>\u2022 E=IR (voltage=current resistance)<br>&#8211; pressure = flow x resistance<br>&#8211; resistance = pressure \/ flow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the unit for pressure in speech research?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>cmH2O<br>-how many cm would a water column be displaced by this pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the intra-oral air pressure when a vowel is produced?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>equal to atmospheric pressure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the intra-oral air pressure when a fricative is produced?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>elevated<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the intra-oral air pressure when a stop consonant is produced?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>highest!<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>pressure = _____ x ______<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>flow x resistance<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>According to Ohm&#8217;s Law, if you have a lower resistance for any given driving pressure&#8211;what happens to the flow?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>the flow will increase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>According to Ohm&#8217;s Law, pressure and flow and resistance are _____ related to one another<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>linearly<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>According to Ohm&#8217;s Law, if you have a higher resistance at the level of the vocal folds (they are more tightly adducted)&#8211;what happens to the flow?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>the flow will drop<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>laryngeal airway resistance (R\u2304law) = _______ \/ _______<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>subglottic pressure (estimated) \/ flow (measured)<br>-Psub (cmH2O) divided by flow (L\/s)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what would be a normal measurement for R&gt;law?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>between 20-30<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what determines how much air flows through the larynx?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maximum flow during vowels<br>Minimum air flow during closures<br>Pressure peaks during closure<br><br>\u2022 flowing air makes the vocal folds move<br>\u2022 disordered voice often aerodynamically different<br>&#8211; low flows in vocal hyperfunction(strained pressed voice)<br>&#8211; high flows in vocal fold paralysis(folds don&#8217;t meet well at midline, breathy)<br>\u2022 air flow constrictions form fricatives<br>\u2022 flow peaks occur at stop release<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how can we compute an estimate of laryngeal resistance?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>you can measure the flow with a pneumotach mask, estimate subglottic pressure during a closure for \/p\/ when you measure oral air pressure, and use these two values to calculate laryngeal airway resistance&#8211;divide the pressure you measured in the mouth by the flow you measured during the vowel and this gives you an estimate of laryngeal airway resistance<br>flow during phonation<br><br>laryngeal airway resistance (Rlaw)<br>&#8211; Psub (cmH2O) divided by flow (L\/s)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what does pneumotachograph mean?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>pneumo = air<br>tacho = speed (rate of air flow)<br>graph = representation of what&#8217;s happening<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how does a pneumotachograph work?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>1) flow passes through a resistance<br>2) upstream from the resistance, the pressure is higher<br>3) downstream, the pressure is lower<br>4) upstream minus downstream is the &#8216;differential pressure&#8217;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/7ri0uaq.4Ij1zza-LCfnqQ.png\" alt=\"Image: how does a pneumotachograph work?\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how to do measure exhaled volume?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>spirometer<br>unit &#8211; liters\/second<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vocal folds are (looser OR stiffer) for easy onset.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>looser<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vocal folds are (looser OR stiffer) for harsh onset.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>stiffer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>dehydration and vocal fatigue (increase OR decrease) PTP.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>increase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how can you identify a stop burst in a flow signal?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>flow peak = stop burst<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/wmkkfYjaVVN0gc5PGzQlWA.png\" alt=\"Image: how can you identify a stop burst in a flow signal?\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>fundamental frequency vs. oscillation period [be able to compute F0 from the period is ms, or vice versa, using easy, round numbers]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>1 Hertz = 1 Cycle per second<br>Period= 1\/F0 (fundamental Frequency)<br>If the F0 is 200 Hz then the oscillation period is 1\/200th of a second or 5 MS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what formula can you use to calculate F0?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>period = 1\/F0<br>example: if the F0 is 200 Hz&#8230;. period is 1\/200th of a second or 5 ms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>semitone standard deviation [how do the numbers reflect our perception of intonation in speech?]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Using semitones corresponds more closely to our pitch perception<br>-a semitone is always 1\/12th of an octave<br>-standard deviation in HZ hard to compare across males, females<br>-semitone standard deviations (STSD) makes values comparable for high or low mean F0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>a semitone is always 1\/__th of an octave.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>1\/12th<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>why does using semitones correspond more closely with our pitch perception?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>both systems are not linear<br>-across males and females, the difference in fundamental frequencies will have a similar standard deviation in semitones<br>-semitones are proportioned appropriately and scaled to reflect proportional changes in intonation (can compare like for like)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vocal registers how do they differ physiologically?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>pitch is a perceptual characteristic<br>fundamental frequency is a physical measure<br>-vocal quality changes at pitch extremes<br>a register is a pattern of vocal fold vibration<br>the physiology changes across registers: modal register; pulse register; loft register<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the modal register?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>chest voice\/typical speaking voice<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the dynamic range of the modal register?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>wide<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is happening physiologically with the modal register?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>whole mass of vocal fold oscillates<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the pulse register?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vocal fry\/voice has a pulsatile quality<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is happening physiologically with the pulse register?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-vocal folds are slack<br>-low subglottal pressure<br>-limited pitch range<br>-limited loudness range<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the loft register?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>falsetto<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is happening physiologically with the loft register?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-vocal folds are stretched tightly<br>-cover of VF oscillates medially<br>-little\/no involvement of TA muscle in vibration<br>-oscillation is sinusoidal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>harmonic spectral slope [how do steep or shallow slopes relate to voice quality?]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>fundamental frequency<br>harmonics are integer multiples<br>result: a whole spectrum of sound<br>F0 goes up, harmonics spread<br>higher harmonics progressively weaker<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>a steep harmonic spectral slope is indicative of what quality of voice?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>weak, thin voice (18 dB\/octave)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>a gently sloping harmonic spectral slope is indicative of what quality of voice?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>typical voice (12 dB\/octave)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>a shallowly sloping harmonic spectral slope is indicative of what quality of voice?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>bright voice (6 dB\/octave)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>in the source-filter model, what is the source?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>larynx (independent)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>in the source-filter model, what is the filter?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vocal tract (independent)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>source changes:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>source changes: vary the source behavior:<br>\u2022 loudness<br>\u2022 pitch<br>\u2022 voice quality<br>\u2022 phonation versus whispering<br><br>F0 can change, causing harmonics to change<br><br>how will this affect the filter?<br>vocal tract configuration remains constant<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>filter changes:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>tongue can move, changing filter characteristics<br><br>\u2022 while F0 remains the same<br><br>not just attenuation or removal<br>resonance &#8216;echoes&#8217; sound<br>some sine waves add<br>constructive interference<br>their dimensions allow resonance<br>straight, uniform tubes are simplest to model<br>resonance frequency depends on tube length<br>max resonance for waves with a length 4x that of the tube<br>tubes may vary in diameter along their length<br>thus, cross-sectional area varies<br>resonance frequencies differ from<br>uniform tube<br>specifics depend on constriction locations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vocal tract transfer function [definition, what influences it?]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-input comes from the larynx<br>\u2022 it&#8217;s similar to a sawtooth wave<br>-output is from the lips<br>\u2022 it is shaped into different vowels<br>-resonating cavities in between determine the transfer function<br>-definition=difference between the sound that enters the goal tract and the sound that leaves the vocal tract<br>-the change that has taken place between the enter of the vocal tract and its exit<br>-output minus the input<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the &#8220;formula&#8221; for the vocal tract transfer function?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>output (lips) &#8211; input (larynx) = VTTF<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is periodicity?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>a signal repeats or recurs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vowel and diphthong formants: what are formants?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>vocal tract resonant peaks are formants<br>these are resonant peaks in the transfer function<br>energy transfer more efficient at formants<br>some frequencies are boosted or amplified in their amplitude<br>they are more prominent in the other sounds in the spectrum<br><br>a vocal tract resonance<br>there can be many for any vowel<br>first 2 or 3 are of interest<br>they do not create sound<br>they shape or alter what comes in<br>output spectrum yields vowel identity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vowel and diphthong formants: how do they change<br>during speech?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>vocal tract shape can be held constant<br>time-invariant: a vowel can be prolonged<br>one point in time looks like any other<br>contrast with consonants: many are brief<br><br>larynx behaves similarly for all vowels<br>F1, F2, and F3 differ across vowels<br>F1, F2 sufficient to identify<br>even in synthetic speech<br>higher formants contribute to naturalness<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vowel and diphthong formants: how and why do they differ for men, women, and children?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>differences with dialect<br>men&#8217;s vocal tracts are largest<br>women, children have higher formants<br><br>vocal tract size affects formants<br>men, women, children<br>individual anatomy differs markedly<br>our formants are not uniform<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>do formants create sound?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>NO<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what type of sound wave does the larynx emit?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>sawtooth<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vowel quadrilaterals: what they are &#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>F1, F2 identify the specific vowel<br>absolute formant values vary<br>graphing F1 versus F2 shows &#8220;vowel space&#8221;<br><br>children highest<br>women medium<br>men smallest (larger resonating cavity in vocal tract)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>vowel quadrilaterals: how they differ for<br>men\/women\/children]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-men, women, children have similar vowel quadrilateral shape<br>-larger vocal tract yields lower formant frequencies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what vowels make up the four corners of the quadrilateral?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>clockwise from top left<br>\/i\/, \/ae\/, \/a\/, \/u\/<br>**graph shows F1 (x-axis) v. F2 (y-axis)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/ZWGzGmIesdO1QZu7jjcYeQ.png\" alt=\"Image: what vowels make up the four corners of the quadrilateral?\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>a larger vocal tract yields ______ formant frequencies.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>lower<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>as you lower jaw and tongue, you _____ frequency of F1.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>increase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>as you move tongue forward you _____ frequency of F2.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>increase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>lip rounding _____ all formants.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>lowers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>higher vowels have a (lower\/higher) F1?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>lower F1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>lower vowels have a (lower\/higher) F1?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>higher F1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>back vowels have a (lower\/higher) F2?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>lower F2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>front vowels have a (lower\/higher) F2?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>higher F2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what are the components of a diphthong?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>onglide, offglide, transition<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the onglide of a diphthong?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>starting frequency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the offglide of a diphthong?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>ending frequency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>what is the transition in a diphthong?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>-duration, extent, slope<br>-what we perceive as the diphthong<br>-formants change during production<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>formant transitions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>F1 and F2 change:<br><br>C to V transitions<br>V to C transitions<br><br>vowels as formant &#8216;histories&#8217; instead of steady-states<br><br>tongues lips and jaw in constant motion<br>blending sounds<br>sounds influenced by neighbors<br>measures of frequencies don&#8217;t last long<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>where does pathology begin quantifying how normal vowels are articulated<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>look at the quadrilateral area for the vowels<br>can be reflective of a person&#8217;s overall intelligibility<br>take measures before and after treatment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>where and how sounds are made in the vocal tract: [remember place, manner, and voicing for consonants that you learned in phonetics]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>noise spectrum suggests place<br>frication noise not invariant<br><br>spectrum varies with place of constriction<br>bilabial &#8211; lower frequency<br>alveolar &#8211; higher frequency<br>velar &#8211; mid-range frequency<br>influenced by resonating cavities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>Consonants<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>degree of constriction<br>presence or absence of noise<br>nasality<br><br>more to go wrong with consonants<br>more articulation required for production<br>gainful employ for SLP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how frication noise changes with different sounds: [the spectral cues for place of articulation, etc.]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>size of cavity anterior to it<br>larger cavity resonates lower frequencies from noise source<br>place of articulation determines spectral shape<br>filter doesn&#8217;t &#8216;care&#8217; about the source<br>periodic or aperiodic<br><br>formant transition can also do this<br>VOT varies with anterior\/posterior constriction<br>combined cues work together<br>redundancy in the signal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>detailed &#8216;anatomy&#8217; of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: closure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>word-final stops<br>released for clear speech<br>clear frication follows closure<br>maximize intelligibility<br><br>may not be released<br>in casual speech<br>difficult to tell where closure ends<br>no visible frication<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/ruPvE.Qb915hogrv85yh0Q.png\" alt=\"Image: detailed 'anatomy' of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: closure\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>detailed &#8216;anatomy&#8217; of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: burst<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>silence during closure<br>minor voicing energy possible<br>air pressure impounded behind constriction<br>burst upon release of closure<br>transition: vocal tract adjusts for the next sound<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/i\/YQHLO1N50QlNjT5aQNIqiw.jpg\" alt=\"Image: detailed 'anatomy' of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: burst\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>detailed &#8216;anatomy&#8217; of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: frication<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>air flows through a constriction<br>like a jet from a nozzle<br>eddies, vortices as jet meets still air<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/vLnb9vBjWC0n1EBVpw7HBg.png\" alt=\"Image: detailed 'anatomy' of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: frication\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>detailed &#8216;anatomy&#8217; of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: VOT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>formant transition can also do this<br>VOT varies with anterior\/posterior constriction<br>combined cues work together<br>redundancy in the signal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>detailed &#8216;anatomy&#8217; of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: aspiration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>may follow a voiceless stop<br>only seen in CV contexts<br>laryngeal devoicing gestures<br>vocal folds begin to adduct<br>moving air becomes turbulent at glottis generates noise<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/i\/DdandElTZWHkIveUe0XXFA.jpg\" alt=\"Image: detailed 'anatomy' of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: aspiration\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a>detailed &#8216;anatomy&#8217; of a stop consonant on a spectrogram: stop gap<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>total or near-total absence of energy<br>most easily seen between vowels<br>hard to see if stop is phrase-initial<br>typically 50 to 150 ms in duration<br>1\/10 of second<br>vf oscillation may continue into voiced stop<br>visible &#8216;voice bar&#8217; on spectrogram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>consonant aspiration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>air pressure builds behind closure<br>lips part or tongue moves down<br><br>transient followed by frication<br>gap gradually widens<br>often hard to separate transient\/frication<br><br>BURST is very brief event<br>frication is longer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>how does consonant aspiration differ from burst frication?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>The burst is produced at the place of constriction, not the glottis. The aspiration is produced at the glottis as the vocal folds start coming together for the upcoming vowel. It lasts longer, but is also weaker (lighter on the spectrogram) because the place of production is farther from the microphone.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>aspiration may only follow a _____ stop.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>voiceless<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>voice onset time: how is it defined<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>time between closure release and vocal fold vibration<br>voiced: often close to zero<br>negative values: prevoicing \/ voicing lead<br>range: -20 to +20 ms for b, d, g<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>voice onset time: typical values for voiceless stops<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>voiceless typically above 25 ms<br>may be as much as 100 ms<br>longer stop gap for voiceless<br>stronger release burst for voiceless<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>voice onset time: typical values for voiced stops<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>longer vowel before voiced stop<br><br>shorter than voiceless<br><br>increased in stuttering block\/dyfluent<br>decreased in dysarthria<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>why is it called a &#8220;glide&#8221;?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>moving from one articulator position to another<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>articulation of glides<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a>\/w\/ and \/j\/<br>why call it a &#8216;glide&#8217;?<br>a.k.a.<br>\u2022 approximants<br>\u2022 semivowels (used also for \/r\/ and \/l\/)<br><br>\/w\/<br>lip rounding<br>tongue dorsum elevation<br>similar to \/u\/ articulation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>sources;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gcu.edu\/\nhttps:\/\/yaveni.com\/\nhttps:\/\/www.rasmussen.edu\/\nhttps:\/\/www.chamberlain.edu\/\nhttps:\/\/smartu.smartsheet.com\/page\/smartsheet-certified\nhttps:\/\/www.healthstream.com\/HLCHelp\/Administrator\/Reports\/Education_Reports\/Test_Question_Analysis_Report.htm\nhttps:\/\/trailhead.salesforce.com\/en\/credentials\/administrator\nhttps:\/\/education.gainsight.com\/page\/gainsight-certification-programs\nhttps:\/\/a.iaabo.org\/rules-quizzes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.gcu.edu\/<br>https:\/\/yaveni.com\/<br>https:\/\/www.rasmussen.edu\/<br>https:\/\/www.chamberlain.edu\/<br>https:\/\/smartu.smartsheet.com\/page\/smartsheet-certified<br>https:\/\/www.healthstream.com\/HLCHelp\/Administrator\/Reports\/Education_Reports\/Test_Question_Analysis_Report.htm<br>https:\/\/trailhead.salesforce.com\/en\/credentials\/administrator<br>https:\/\/education.gainsight.com\/page\/gainsight-certification-programs<br>https:\/\/a.iaabo.org\/rules-quizzes\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>COMD 5070 Exam 2 (Latest 2023\/ 2024 Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A COMD 5070 Exam 2 (Latest 2023\/ 2024Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing|Questions and Verified Answers| 100%Correct| Grade AQ: what is subglottal pressure?Answer:P\u2304sub-pressure below the larynx-driving pressure for phonationQ: what are some direct ways to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-130739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130739"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130739\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130739"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=130739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}