Update) Acoustics of Speech and Hearing|
Questions and Verified Answers| 100%
Correct| Grade A
Q: what is the Nyquist frequency?
Answer:
half the sample rate
Q: if you want to go up one octave, you _ the frequency. Answer: double Q: if you want to go down one octave, you _<\/strong><\/em><\/strong> the frequency.
Answer:
halve
Q: what does a high pass filter do?
Answer:
allows high frequencies through
Q: what does a low pass filter do?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer:
allows low frequencies through
Q: what does a band pass filter do?
Answer:
allows a band of frequencies through (mid)
Q: what does a band reject filter do?
Answer:
holds back\/attenuates a band of frequencies (allows high and low frequencies)
Q: what does a Fourier transform do?
Answer:
creates a spectrum from the time domain waveform (deconstructs the waveform)
Q: what is the cake analogy to a Fourier transform?
Answer:
analyze a cake to learn its ingredients
Q: what does a time domain display show?
Answer:
-a waveform represents sound directly
-air pressure changes over time<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Q: what does a frequency domain display show? what is science? what are the 4 features of the scientific method?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n -empirical what does it mean for science to be empirical?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n based on data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does it mean for science to be deterministic?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n obeys physical laws<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does it mean for science to be parsimonious?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n uses the simplest explanation possible<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n how much sampling is enough?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n sample at 2x the rate of the highest frequency (e.g. data up to 5 kHz = sample at 10 kHz, data up to 100 Hz = sample at 200 Hz)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is the Nyquist frequency?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n half the sample rate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n if you want to go up one octave, you ______ the frequency.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n double<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n if you want to go down one octave, you ______ the frequency.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n halve<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does a band reject filter do?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n holds back\/attenuates a band of frequencies (allows high and low frequencies)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does a Fourier transform do?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n creates a spectrum from the time domain waveform (deconstructs the waveform)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is the cake analogy to a Fourier transform?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n analyze a cake to learn its ingredients<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does a time domain display show?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n -a waveform represents sound directly what does a frequency domain display show?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n a line spectrum shows the frequency components of a periodic sound<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is a FFT spectrum?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n fast Fourier transform what is FFT reveal more of?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n vocal SOURCE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is a LPC spectrum?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n linear predictive coding what does a LPC spectrum reveal more of?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n vocal tract FILTER<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n on a spectrum, a sine wave appears as ___________.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n a single line<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n a line spectrum is a _______ in time.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n snapshot<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is the x-axis in a speech spectrogram?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n X = TIME<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is the y-axis in a speech spectrogram?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Y = FREQUENCY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does the darkness in a speech spectrogram represent?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n darkness = INTENSITY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is the difference between perturbation and modulation?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n modulation is much slower than random cycle-to-cycle perturbation; modulation is spread across many cycles<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is jitter?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n frequency perturbation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is shimmer?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n amplitude perturbation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is tremor?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n rhythmic change in fundamental frequency and amplitude<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n hoarse voices have (high\/low) perturbation.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n higher<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does tremor sound like?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n shakiness in the voice without roughness or hoarseness<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does low modulation\/high perturbation sound like?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n rough but not wobbly…. sounds like Kermit<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does high perturbation\/high modulation sound like?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n old woman …. ahhhHHHhhHHhHhH<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what does high modulation\/low perturbation sound like?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n aka vocal vibratto what are two direct ways to measure subglottal pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n -tracheal puncture how can you estimate subglottal pressure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n produce voiceless bilabial plosive (pah, pah, pah) how do you calculate average air flow?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n dividing volume used by time pressure = ______ times _______<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n resistance x flow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n resistance = ______ divided by ______<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n pressure \/ flow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n how does Ohm’s law relate to the voice (equation)?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n laryngeal airway resistance = subglottic pressure \/ air flow<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n how can you measure flow?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n pneumotachograph<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n a semitone is always 1\/__th of an octave.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1\/12th<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n how do semitones correlate to our pitch perception?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n both systems are not linear in the source-filter model, what is the source?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n larynx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n in the source-filter model, what is the filter?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n vocal tract<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n how can you vary the SOURCE behavior? loudness – more force from lungs how can you vary the FILTER behavior?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n tongue\/jaw movement<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n as you lower tongue and jaw, you ______ F1 frequency.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n increase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n as you raise tongue and jaw, you ______ F1 frequency.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n decrease<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n as you move tongue forward, (increase\/decrease) F2 frequency.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n increase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n as you move tongue backward, (increase\/decrease) F2 frequency.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n decrease<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what happens to F1 in a stop closure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n F1 is very low<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what are the places of articulation for a stop?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n bilabial \/p,b\/ alveolar \/t,d\/ velar \/k,g\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n for a voiced stop, how long is the stop gap?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n short<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n in recognizing emotional tone in speech, what listener group performed the best?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n women EMT polyglots – process of learning another language might sensitize you to learning sounds and human communication more generally and make you a more effective listener\/identifier of emotion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what are the two main classes of linguistic prosody?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1) pitch-based what is affective prosody?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n emotional prosody<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what is anticipatory\/forward coarticulation?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n earlier sound is influenced by a later sound what is retentive\/backward coarticulation?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n a later sound is influenced by an earlier one how is F0 affected by enthusiastic intonation?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n higher average and maximum F0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n when a word is spoken with contrastive stress, what happens to the F0, duration, and amplitude (dB)?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n higher F0 what is characteristic of clear articulation (speech clarity)?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n -longer segment durations what is the Lindblom’s H&H hypothesis?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n hypo T\/F: Perceived nasality is linked rigidly to VP port orifice size.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer:
a line spectrum shows the frequency components of a periodic sound
Q: what is a FFT spectrum?
Answer:
fast Fourier transform
-shows harmonic energy
-each peak is a harmonic
-less clear at showing formants
Q: what is FFT reveal more of?
Answer:
vocal SOURCE
Q: what is a LPC spectrum?
Answer:
linear predictive coding
-shows spectral envelope (doesn’t show individual harmonics)
-good at revealing formants
Q: what does a LPC spectrum reveal more of?
Answer:
vocal tract FILTER
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-deterministic
-predictive
-parsimonious<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-air pressure changes over time<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=100,onerror=redirect,w=120\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/6JGTePb15Gvh5bo.rePWsQ.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=100,onerror=redirect,w=120\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/dTZ4YwZqB6eJK.hIJE.uZg.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
-shows harmonic energy
-each peak is a harmonic
-less clear at showing formants<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=100,onerror=redirect,w=120\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/qPYcYmTGUmDy04bA3-Cmsw.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
-shows spectral envelope (doesn’t show individual harmonics)
-good at revealing formants<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/KsFnOU4Kf1YF4l7Z13lEEQ.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
-opera singer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-esophageal pressure (swallow sensor)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-this is when oral pressure equals subglottal pressure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-for example, if 1 liter of air is used and phonation lasts for 5 seconds
-average flow = 1\/5 liters per second = 0.2 L\/s<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-difference in fundamental frequencies between males and females will have a similar standard deviation in semitones<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-loudness
-pitch
-voice quality<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
pitch – stretch vocal folds to increase tension
voice quality – breathy? adjust space between arytenoids<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-it’s in the mail
-it’s in the mail?
2) pause-based
-a woman without her man is nothing.
-a woman: without her, man is nothing.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
e.g. “spoon”, lip rounding for \/s\/ which is not common<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
e.g. “no”, \/o\/ is nasalized because of \/n\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
longer duration
higher dB<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-released stops (hah v. haT)
-less articulatory undershoot<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-relaxed atmosphere
hyper
-in noisy environments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n