Endocrine disorder called acromegaly (overproduction of growth hormone)
Q: What causes Addison’s disease?
Answer:
Decreased glucocorticoid (due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex)
Q: What causes Cushing’s syndrome?
Answer:
excess cortisol
Q: What causes Grave’s disease?
Answer:
overproduction of thyroid hormone. HYPERthyroidism.
Q: When should you instruct the patient to take their FIRST dose of antihypertensive?
Answer:
At night to avoid orthostatic hypotension. Educate slow position changes and lay down if
needed.
Q: What are side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Answer:
dry cough
angioedema
hyperkalemia
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![\"WGU](\"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/wgu-d027-objective-assessment-study-guide-latest-2023-2024-update-advanced-pathopharmacological-foundations-questions-and-verified-answers-100-correct-grade-a-725x1024.png\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nWhat organ does cystic fibrosis affect?
Affects the pancreas causing secretions into the lungs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Klinefelter syndrome?
An extra X chromosome for males so example XXY causing female-like qualities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Turner Syndrome?
females. missing or deformed x chromosome. right hemisphere dysfunction, hearing loss, ear infection, language and articulation disorders, visual spatial and attentional problems<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is beta thalassemia?
a condition in which the synthesis of the beta-globin chains is decreased or absent. Causes low hemoglobin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which medication is contraindicated in a patient with Beta Thalassemia?
Ferrous Sulfate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What drug is used in combination with other agent to treat lymphoid tissue (leukemia). Directly toxic to lymphoid tissues Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) – for hormone receptor positive and advanced breast cancer. (Tomaxafin – reduces risk and recurrence risk)
Glucocorticoids<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the normal ejection fraction?
55-60%. Less than 50% is BAD<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is an ejection fraction of 50% reduced or preserved?
Preserved<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are symptoms of left sided heart failure?
Think PULMONARY. JVD, FVO, rails, S3 murmurs. Number one cause of right sided heart failure!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are symptoms of right sided heart failure?
Think peripheral vascular. Lower extremity edema, abdominal distension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the gold standard lab test for heart failure?
BNP. Heart failure is a result greater than 100<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What heart disease is worse with exertion?
Ischemic heart disease because the demand requirements are higher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What should you assess before giving Digoxin?
Apical pulse<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How should Warfarin be started?
Start initial dose at half to monitor the effects<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes the destruction of alveolar walls? Air goes in but can’t get out which leads to hyperinflation
Emphysema<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes excess mucus production and smooth muscle hypertrophy?
Bronchitis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is a chronic inflammatory obstruction of bronchi?
Asthma, Triggers cause mucus to clog bronchial tubes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes an overbite and buffalo hump?
Endocrine disorder called acromegaly (overproduction of growth hormone)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes Addison’s disease?
Decreased glucocorticoid (due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes Cushing’s syndrome?
excess cortisol<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes Grave’s disease?
overproduction of thyroid hormone. HYPERthyroidism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When should you instruct the patient to take their FIRST dose of antihypertensive?
At night to avoid orthostatic hypotension. Educate slow position changes and lay down if needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are side effects of ACE inhibitors?
dry cough
angioedema
hyperkalemia
*Contraindicated in pregnancy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which type of antihypertensive should NOT be given to patients with Asthma?
Nonselective beta blocker (-lol) because both beta-2 receptors are effected<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the first choice of calcium channel blocker?
Verapamil<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What side effect should you watch for in a patient taking a statin drug?
Muscle pain which can lead to rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure, and death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which diuretic is NOT used in patients with kidney failure and sickle cell disease?
Thiazide diuretics<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What type of drug is spironolactone?
potassium sparing diuretic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which type of insulin is the most painful during injection?
Lantus (long-acting)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Why test glycosylated hemoglobin (HgbA1c)?
Most reliable assessment of blood sugar over the past 3 months. The goal is < 6.5%. A poor result is > 9%<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the normal range for TSH level?
The normal range of TSH levels is 0.4 to 4.0 milli-international units per liter. If you’re already being treated for a thyroid disorder, the normal range is 0.5 to 3.0 milli-international units per liter. A value ABOVE the normal range usually indicates hypothyroidism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What lab test would we recommend for thyroid?
Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
symptoms of hypothyroidism
Bradycardia; cold intolerance; lethargy; memory loss; dry skin; brittle dry hair; decreased appetite; weight gain; constipation; increased serum lipids; decreased libido; erectile dysfunction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What if a newborn has hypothyroidism?
Requires replacement within a few days and last for 3 years to prevent mental development changes and dwarfism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Hashimoto’s disease?
An autoimmune cause of hypothyroid. Symptoms include weight gain and fatigue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
Tachyarrhythmias, anxiety, insomnia, rapid flow\/speech, hot
GRAVES DISEASE<\/p>\n\n\n\n
how to treat grave’s disease?
Remove or destroy thyroid tissue or suppress with drug (methimazole or propylthiouracil)
Treat with Iodine-131
Beta blockers also used to suppress release of thyroid hormones and reduce HR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What causes vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and helps with memory and sleep?
histamine- 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are side effects of antihistamines?
sedation (only H-1), dry mucus membranes, urinary hesitancy, and constipation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which medication is given after an MI?
Beta blocker is given for 6 months to prevent another MI<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When should medication reconciliation be done?
Within 30 days of discharge<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which drug class is used as the first line of treatment for depression?
SSRIs because of the low side effects and effectiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the first line of treatment for uncomplicated otitis media in pediatric patient without comorbidities?
Amoxicillin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How do you test for postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome?
Tilt test<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is Florinef (corticosteroid) used for?
Used to treat postural hypotension and adrenal insufficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What are the side effects of Florinef?
Nausea, headache, sleep problems, and mood changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the off label use for prazosin\/minipress (alpha- 1 blocker)?
Sleep aid for patients diagnosed with PTSD<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Which medications are used to treat myasthenia gravis?
Corticosteroids and cholinesterase inhibitors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors (neostigmine):
Excessive salvation, urinary urgency, sweating, spasm, bradycardia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What is the first line of treatment for uncomplicated hypertension?
Hydrochlorothiazide(thiazide diuretic) orally with lifestyle changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What might cause ataxia in a pediatric patient?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Fragile X syndrome<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Prader Willie Syndrome by deletion of chromosome 15 from father<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Combined _<\/strong><\/em><\/strong> are contraindicated when breast feeding.
Oral contraceptives<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich antibiotic would you use for treatment of UTI during pregnancy?
One-time dose of Fosfomycin and cephalexin.
NO PENCILLINS<\/p>\n\n\n\nHow to treat pediatric UTI with no comorbidities?
Trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
Augmentin
Cephalosporins<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich parent does color blindness come from?
X-linked so mother. 50% chance of getting it. Gene OPN1MW on chromosome 23 is mutated causing color blindness.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat is the first treatment for sickle cell crisis?
Hydration<\/p>\n\n\n\nParental care of the newborn with sickle cell anemia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Infant will be anemic<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Increased risk for infection<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- May have spleen or liver damage causing jaundice<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- May have crying episodes from pain and swelling of extremities<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Hydrate, administer vaccines, antibiotics when necessary, folic acid administration, and regular eye exams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Should you admit or monitor a young athletic patient with bradycardia?
Monitor as it is normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich part of the GI tract does Crohn’s disease effect?
Affects all GI tract and has skip lesions<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich patients have an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease?
Patients with atopic dermatitis and eczema<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat diagnostic labs will be drawn for ulcerative colitis?
CBC, CRP, ESR, LFT, electrolyte panel, and ANA<\/p>\n\n\n\nA Japanese male present with hypertension and chronic kidney disease, which antihypertensive would you give?
ACE inhibitor or ARB. Next course of action is to reduce amount of salt in diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich medications are given PRN for anxiety?
Benzodiazepines (Diazepam), Vistaril (antihistamine), Seroquel (antipsychotic effects), SSRIs (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft), and Wellbutrin (antidepressant), and Risperidone (side effect is neutropenia)<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich medication can be given to treat schizophrenia?
Chlorpromazine (antipsychotic)<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich medications could be alternatives to treat neuropathic pain?
Cymbalta (Duloxetine) and Lyrica (pregabalin)<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat should be avoided if a patient has a G6PD deficiency?
Mothballs (naphthalene), fava beans, red wine, all beans, blueberries, soya products, tonic water, and camphor.<\/p>\n\n\n\nG6PD deficiency<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Low NADPH leads to hemolytic anemia (free radicals)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- X-linked recessive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
What should you do for a mild reaction to IgM?
If fast, slow the infusion. Administer acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, and steroids.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat is the most common type of lung cancer?
Small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs)<\/p>\n\n\n\nHow do you diagnose lung cancer?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Chest X-ray<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Test for mutation in epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Name an adrenocortical steroid indicated as partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison’s disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome
Florinef<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat are side effects of Florinef?
Retention of sodium and water (edema), hypertension, cardiac enlargement, congestive heart failure, hypokalemia.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat is the off label use for Prazosin\/minipress (alpha 1 blocker)?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and a sleep aid for patients diagnosed with PTSD.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich medication is best for a diabetic with hypertension?
ACE inhibitor<\/p>\n\n\n\nDo not combine an _<\/em><\/strong> with an angiotensin II Receptor Blockers ARB (-sartan)
ACE inhibitor<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat do cholinesterase inhibitors do?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- a chemical that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Treats myasthenia gravis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
What are some side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors?
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, bruising muscle cramps, headaches, fatigue, and insomnia.<\/p>\n\n\n\nSide effects of corticosteroids
Acute mania, immunosuppression, thin skin, osteoporosis, easy bruising, myopathies, edema,<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat is the first line of treatment for uncomplicated hypertension?
Hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide diuretic)<\/p>\n\n\n\nDrugs with _<\/em><\/strong> are contraindicated during pregnancy.
-flox- drugs. For example, ciprofloxacin (Cipro), gemifloxacin (Factive), levofloxacin (Levaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), norfloxacin (Noroxin), and ofloxacin (Floxin) which are all fluoroquinolones.<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy?
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care.
sulfonamides(kericterus), aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage), Clarithromycin(embryotoxic), Tetracycline(teeth,bone damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramphenicol(grey baby) pharmacology micro<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich antibiotic would you use to treat UTI in a pediatric patient who is vomiting?
Cephalosporin IV<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat is the first line of therapy with sickle cell crisis?
IV fluids, HYDRATION<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat does the small bowel tissue of a patient with Crohn’s disease look like under a microscope?
cobble stoning<\/p>\n\n\n\nA Japanese patient comes in with hypertension, already taking an ACE inhibitor with stage 3 hypertension. What medication would we suggest next?
Amlodipine<\/p>\n\n\n\nNormal TSH levels
0.4-4.0<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat does it mean if the TSH levels are ABOVE normal?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- thyroid is underactive<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- hypothyroidism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and presents with thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO)?
Hashimoto thyroiditis<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and presents with thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH) antibodies?
Graves disease<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhere can RET oncogene be found and what does it mean?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Located on chromosome 10<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Seen on all cells in the body in patients with the hereditary forms of Medullary carcinoma of thyroid (MTC)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Which medication is given to a patient experiencing rigors during a immunoglobulin M (IgM) infusion?
Demerol (meperidine)<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhich immunoglobin is associated with Celiac disease?
IgA<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat glands are affected by Sjograns syndrome?
Tear and saliva glands<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"WGU D027 Objective Assessment Study Guide (Latest 2023\/ 2024 Update) Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A WGU D027 Objective Assessment StudyGuide (Latest 2023\/ 2024 Update) AdvancedPathopharmacological Foundations|Questions and Verified Answers| 100%Correct| Grade AQ: What are symptoms of left sided heart failure?Answer:Think PULMONARY. JVD, FVO, rails, S3 murmurs. Number one cause […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-130892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130892","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130892"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130892\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130892"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130892"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=130892"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}