Answer:
treat htn, encourage smoking cessation, encourage regular exercise, treat lipid disorders,
discourage alcohol intake\/drug use, control metabolic syndrome
Meds: ACEI or Angiotensin II RB for vascular disease or diabetes (avapro, losartan, benicar,
diovan, etc)
Q: At Risk for HF – Stage B
Answer:
structural heart disease but no symptoms of heart failure
Q: Stage B HF co-morbidities
Answer:
previous MI, LV remodeling with LV hypertrophy and low EF, asymptomatic valvular disease
Q: Therapy goals of Stage B HF
Answer:
Meds: ACEI or ARB, Beta-blockers, inplantable defibrillators
Q: Stage C heart failure
Answer:
structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms of HF
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<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nAutosomal Dominant
1 parent has, 50% change of child having<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Autosomal Recessive
Both parents are carriers, 25% change of child having, 50% chance child is a carrier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cystic Fibrosis
affects pancreas causing secretions in lungs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
21st Trisomy
Down Syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
male has extra X, female like qualities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Turner Syndrome
Missing X in females<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Alpha Thalassemia
inherited blood disorder; mild to severe anemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beta Thallasemia
low hemoglobin; contraindicated medication ferrous sulfate<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prevalence Risk
proportion of the population affected at a certain time<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Incidence rate
number of new cases divided by population<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Innate immunity
inflammation; increased vascular permeability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B&T lymphocytes
immune response<\/p>\n\n\n\n
primary malignant tumor
lack of organization of cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
glucocorticoids
used in combination with other agent to treat lymphoid tissue (leukemia). glucocorticoids are directly toxic to lymphoid tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM)
for hormone receptor positive and advanced breast cancer. (Tamoxifin reduces risk and recurrence risk)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Heart failure
impairment of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood; heart cannot meet metabolic need of the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CHF
heart cannot keep up with metabolic needs; volume overload in pulmonary area<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
reduced ejection fraction; ventricle having issue ejecting blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
normal ejection fraction
55 – 60 % (blood pumped out with each heartbeat)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ejection fraction of 50% – reduced or preserved?
preserved<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diastolic CHF
preserved ejection fraction, problem is with filling<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Systolic CHF
reduced ejection fraction, problem is with ejecting<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Left sided CHF
pulmonary (JVD, fluid volume overload, rails, S-3 murmurs) ** #1 cause of Right sided CHF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BNP
gold standard lab test to diagnose CHF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Echocardiogram
Diagnostic tool, evaluates heart structure and function<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At Risk for HF – Stage A
no structural heart disease or symptoms of heart failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage A HF co-morbidities
htn, atherosclerotic disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, patients using cardiotoxins with family history<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Therapy goals of stage A HF
treat htn, encourage smoking cessation, encourage regular exercise, treat lipid disorders, discourage alcohol intake\/drug use, control metabolic syndrome
Meds: ACEI or Angiotensin II RB for vascular disease or diabetes (avapro, losartan, benicar, diovan, etc)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At Risk for HF – Stage B
structural heart disease but no symptoms of heart failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage B HF co-morbidities
previous MI, LV remodeling with LV hypertrophy and low EF, asymptomatic valvular disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Therapy goals of Stage B HF
Meds: ACEI or ARB, Beta-blockers, inplantable defibrillators<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage C heart failure
structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms of HF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Presentation of Stage C HF
known structural heart disease and shortness of breath and fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Therapy for Stage C HF
dietary salt restriction, MEDS: diuretic, ACEI, beta blockers. Some patients: aldosterone antagonist, ARBs, digitalis, hydralazine\/nitrates, biventricular pacing, inplantable defibrillators<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage D heart failure
refractory HF requiring specialized interventions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Presentation of Stage D HF
marked symptoms at rest despite maximal medical therapy (recurrently hospitalized or cannot be safely discharged without specialized interventions)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Therapy goals for Stage D HF
compassionate end-of-life care\/hospice, extraordinary measures ,heart transplant, chronic inotropes, permanent mechanical support, experimental drugs or surgery<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ischemic heart Disease (CAD, MI) presentation
chest discomfort, pain in neck\/jaw\/chest (crushing, squeezing, sharp), pain worse with exertion (demand requirement is higher), abnormal heart sounds, hypoxia, arrhythmias (afib, ST elevation)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stable angina goal
decrease cardiac oxygen demand<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Meds for stable angina
nitro first choice, then beta blockers (beta blockers if angina occurs with effort)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
nitroglycerine dose
sublingual, acts within 5 minutes, max of 3 doses<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin)
Increased myocardial contractile force (increases output), used in ED, exerts positive inotropic action, can cause severe dysrhythmias<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Digoxin Dosing
therapeutic – 0.5-0.8 ng\/ml. ASSESS apical pulse before administering, If lethargic and not acting right, see patient FIRST<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Goal of Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs
inactivate and suppress formation of thrombin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Warfarin (coumadin)
PO to prevent blood clots; start with half a dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anticoagulants
Warfarin, heparin, lovenox; Caution about hemorrhage, any patients with risks for bleeding<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pneumonia Patho
pathogen reaches airway and overwhelms defenses causing inflammatory cascade; fluid forms, blocking diffusion (gas exchange) causing hypoxia, ultimately leads to respiratory failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diagnosing pneumonia
Chest X-ray: viral – diffuse widespread whitening; bacterial – patchy, consolidated, lobar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Emphysema
destruction of alveolar walls; air goes into lungs, can’t get out; leads to hyperinflation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bronchitis
excess mucus production, smooth muscle hypertrophy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
asthma
chronic inflammatory obstruction of bronchi; trigger causing mucus clogging bronchial tubes; is reversable, give beta antagonists and steroids<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Foundation meds of asthma and COPD
glucocorticosteroids: Pulmicort and Flovent; taken daily for long term control to suppress inflammation.
Oral glucocorticoids – methylprednisone, prednisone; gradually decrease dose<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bronchodilators (Beta 2-Adrenergic Agonists)
provide symptomatic relief, do not effect inflammation of disease process; taken PRN during attack (Albuterol), long actinb Beta2 can be used in combo with glucocorticoids<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Back pain treatment
first 4-6 weeks no imaging needed unless neurologic involved; give NSAIDS and rest, is the #1\/2 reason for visits to PCP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Types of Endocrine Disorders
Diabetes
Acromegaly – overproduction of growth hormone, have overbite and buffalo hump
Addison’s – decreased production of hormones by adrenal gland
Cushing – high cortisol levels
Graves – hyperthyroidism (excessive)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage 1 Kidney Disease (CKD)
kidney damage with normal or increased GFR, treat comorbid conditions to slow disease progression, CVD risk reduction<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage 2 CKD
kidney damage with mild decreased GFR (60-89), Estimation of progression<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage 3 CKD
moderate decreased GFR (30-59), treat complications<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage 4 CKD
Severely decreased GFR (15-29), prepare for kidney replacement therapy<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage 5 CKD
Kidney failure
GFR <15 or dialysis, replacement if uremia present<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How do you start first dose of antihypertensives\/heart failure medications?
start first dose at night; do slow position changes, lay down if hypotension occurs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ace Inhibiters (ACEI) *pril
reduce angiotensin II, increase bradykinin, hyperkalemia, dry cough, angioedema; contraindicated in pregnancy (fetal death), first dose causes severe hypotension, can cause renal failure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beta Blockers
prevent chemical messengers; slow HR, relax vessels, lower BP, Class II antidysrhythmic drug<\/p>\n\n\n\n
nonselective beta blockers
use with caution in people with lung conditions; do not use with asthma<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cardio selective beta blockers
metoprolol – only beta-1 receptors affected<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Third generation beta blockers
labetalol – blocks alpha and beta receptors<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calcium Channel Blockers
vasodilation of arterioles and heart, class IV antidysrhythmic drug<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Verapamil
calcium channel blocker, first choice<\/p>\n\n\n\n
dihydropyridines CCB
*ine, vasodilators used to treat htn and angina<\/p>\n\n\n\n
non-dihydropyridines CCB
*dilt, used for arrhythmias<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Statins
lipid lowering agents (LDL), can increase good HDL, muscle pain can lead to rhabdo, kidney failure, and death<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diuretics
2 hours after oral intake, peaks at 4-6 hours, lasts 12 hours<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thiazide Diuretics
block reabsorption (10%) in distal convoluted tubule; not used in kidney failure, can cause hypokalemia, not used in sickle cell disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Loop diuretics
Furosemide; blocks reabsorption (20%) in loop of Henle<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Spironolactone (Aldactone); distal nephron, holds K, excretes sodium, takes 48 hours to work<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Angiotensin II
vasocontraction; increased bp by acting on adrenal cortex secreting aldosterone<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBS)
Sartan; blocks action of angiotensin II, second choice if cannot tolerate ACE for htn and HF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diabetes diagnosis
Hgb A1C is most reliable assessment of blood glucose over 3 month period. Poor control is >9%, goal is <6.5% in healthy people<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Short acting insulin
lispro (Humalog)\/Aspart (NovoLog)\/glulisine (aspirdra)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Long acting insulin
glargine (Lantus) – most painful; detemir (levemir)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metformin
first drug of choice with new Type 2 Diabetes; inhibits glucose in liver, slightly reduces glycose absorption in gut, increases glucose uptake; DOES NOT drive insulin down, very low risk for hypoglycemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
TSH levels
normal range is 0.4 to 4.0 mu\/L. If you are being treated for a thyroid disorder, the normal range is 0.5 to 3.0 mu\/L. A value above the normal range indicates that the thyroid is underactive. This indicates hypothyroidism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypothyroidism Presentation
inadequate amounts of hormone; slows body function and processes, cold, pale puffy face, skin cool and dry, low HR, low temp, lethargy, fatigue<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypothyroidism in pregnancy
must treat to avoid neuro issues in child<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypothyroidism in newborns
require replacement within a few days, lasts for 3 years, prevents mental development changes and growth patters, dwarfish<\/p>\n\n\n\n
How do you take Levothyroxine (t4)
on an empty stomach for increased absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hashimoto disease presentation
weight gain and fatigue; autoimmune disease<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) presentation
elevations in T4 and T3, tachyarrhythmias, anxiety, insomnia, rapid speech, hot<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Graves Disease
women 20-40 most susceptible, remove or destroy thyroid tissue or suppress with drugs (methimazole or propylthiouracil), treat with Iodine – I31, beta blockers also used to suppress release of thyroid hormones<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Plummer disease (toxic nodular goiter)
result of thyroid adenoma (tumor), same as Graves disease, but absence of exophthalmos (bulging eyes)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thyroid storm
caused by major surgery or severe illness such as sepsis, 105 F, severe tachycardia, restlessness, tremor, heart failure, coma. Treat with Propylthiouracil (PTU), symptom management<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Histamine – 1 antihistamines
cause vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, help with memory and sleep. Relieve itching, pain, secretion, and mucus (allergies). Side effects: sedative, dry mouth, urinary hesitancy,, constipation. Second generation (-ine) are non-sedating<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonists
secretion of gastric acid; treat gastric and duodenal ulcers<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage I HTN
130-139\/80-89<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stage 2 HTN<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n140\/90<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Med used after heart attack
Beta blocker – use for 6 months<\/p>\n\n\n\nMeds for ischemic vascular disease
aspirin or antithrombotic<\/p>\n\n\n\nCervical cancer screening
21 – 64 cytology every 3 years, 30-64 cytology and HPV every 5 years<\/p>\n\n\n\nPneumonia CURB
Confusion, Urea >7, RR >30, BP <90 or <60, Age >65
0-1 = home treatment, 2 = short stay hospital, 3+ = severe pneumonia (ICU)<\/p>\n\n\n\nEnd of Life care
optimize patient’s comfort and function while avoiding unnecessary side effects<\/p>\n\n\n\nFirst line of depression treatment
SSRIs – low side effects with good effectiveness<\/p>\n\n\n\nStress
exacerbates many serious health issues, stress cannot cause cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\nbroken heart syndrome
mimics MI, no coronary obstruction<\/p>\n\n\n\nSDOH
social determinants of health<\/p>\n\n\n\nTypes of SDOHs
access to healthy foods, health literacy, housing stability, socioeconomic status, rural vs. urban healthcare access<\/p>\n\n\n\nAmoxicillin
first line of treatment for uncomplicated otitis media in pediatric patient without comorbidities<\/p>\n\n\n\nPOTS
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\nTreatment of POTS
stand slowly, lay back down if needed, add extra salt increase fluids, MEDS: Florinef<\/p>\n\n\n\nSymptoms\/Diagnosing POTS
Tilt Test – HR increases by 30 bpm when standing up or over 120 in first 10 minutes, symptoms are related to reduced blood volume when standing up, can cause lightheadedness, fainting<\/p>\n\n\n\nFlorinef
Used to treat conditions which glucocorticoids are low. These conditions include Addison’s disease, adrenocortical insufficiency. *Also treats orthostatic hypotension; Side effects: nausea, headache, sleep problems, mood changes<\/p>\n\n\n\nOff label use for prazosin\/minipress
sleep aid for patients diagnosed with PTSD<\/p>\n\n\n\nMyasthenia Gravis
a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and rapid fatigue, drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, generalized weakness<\/p>\n\n\n\nMeds used to treat myasthenia gravis
corticosteroids – treat diplopia and suppress adrenal function; take 4-6 weeks then taper
Cholinesterase inhibitors – neostigmine<\/p>\n\n\n\nSide effects of cholinesterase inhibitors
excessive salivation, urinary incontinence\/urgency, sweating, muscle spasm, bradycardia
Med: neostigmine
therapeutic levels produce mild stimulation
Toxic levels depress CNS (BBB) – treat with respiratory support and atropine<\/p>\n\n\n\nthyrotoxicosis
condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone<\/p>\n\n\n\nfirst line treatment for uncomplicated HTN
hydrochlorothiazide, oral with lifestyle changes<\/p>\n\n\n\nAtaxia in pediatric patient
genetic predisposition, Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willie Syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\nPrader-Willie Syndrome
deletion of chromosome from father<\/p>\n\n\n\nWhat should you avoid when breast feeding?
combined oral contraceptives<\/p>\n\n\n\nAppropriate antibiotic for use in pregnancy for treatment of UTI
one time dose of Fosfomycin, cephalexin also appropriate.
AVOID: nitrofurantoin ad bactrim. DO NOT USE: PCN<\/p>\n\n\n\nDrug of choice for pediatric UTI with no comorbidities
trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra);
alternatives: augmentin, cephalosporins<\/p>\n\n\n\nColor blindness genetic component
x-linked, only comes from mother, 50% chance; gene: OPN1MW on chromosome 23<\/p>\n\n\n\nSickle Cell genetics
children with sickle cell: 25%
children without and not carriers: 25%
children who are carriers: 50%<\/p>\n\n\n\ntreatment for sickle cell crisis
hydration, heat, oxygen, pain meds<\/p>\n\n\n\nParental care of the newborn with sickle cell anemia
infant will be anemic, increased risk for infection, may have spleen damage and liver involvement causing jaundice, crying episodes from pain and swelling of extremities.
keep infant hydrated, use vaccines and antibiotics when necessary, folic acid administration, regular eye exams<\/p>\n\n\n\nTreatment of athletic patient with bradycardia
let patient go home; bradycardia is normal in athlete, ok if HR in 50s<\/p>\n\n\n\nCrohn’s Disease
a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon; has skip lesions<\/p>\n\n\n\nDiagnosis of Crohn’s Disease
test blood and stool, X-ray of upper and lower GI with possible contrast, colonoscopy and upper endoscopy, small bowel tissue demonstrates cobble stoning under microscope<\/p>\n\n\n\nTreatment of Crohn’s Disease
Corticosteroids, infliximab
immunosuppressants and steroids; diet and nutrition, surgery.
patients with atopic dermatitis ad eczema have increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease<\/p>\n\n\n\nDiagnostic labs for ulcerative colitis
CBC, CRP, ESR, LFT, electrolyte panel, and ANA (antinuclear antibody)<\/p>\n\n\n\nJapanese man has htn and CKD. What is antihypertensive of choice?
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNext course of action is reduced salt diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What do you do if COPD\/asthma patient has failed long acting beta agonists (LABAs)?
continuous oxygen??<\/p>\n\n\n\nmedullary thyroid cancer presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
Presentation: neck pain\/lump, dysphagia, SOB
Diagnosis: fine needle aspiration & carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Treatment: surgery, if not removed use chemo to inhibit tyrosine kinases *Nib cancer drugs<\/p>\n\n\n\nPRN meds for anxiety
benzodiazepam, vistaril, seroquel, SSRIs, and Wellbutrin<\/p>\n\n\n\nDiazepam (Valium)
1st choice treatment for anxiety, is a benzodiazepam<\/p>\n\n\n\nBuspirone
treats anxiety, not a benzo<\/p>\n\n\n\nSSRIs (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft)
treatment of panic disorder to decrease frequency and intensity of attacks<\/p>\n\n\n\nVistaril
antihistamine that can treat anxiety<\/p>\n\n\n\nSeroquel
treatment of anxiety, antipsychotic effects<\/p>\n\n\n\nSide effect of risperidone
neutropenia<\/p>\n\n\n\nChlorpromazine
treats schizophrenia<\/p>\n\n\n\nLeft hypoplastic heart defect diagnosis and treatment
birth defect that affects normal blood flow
Diagnosis: echocardiogram shows smaller than normal LV and aorta
Treatment: surgery<\/p>\n\n\n\nAlternatives to gabapentin for neuropathic pain
Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lyrica (pregabalin)<\/p>\n\n\n\nG6PD deficiency
X-linked recessive; hemolytic anemia
AVOID: mothballs, fava beans, red wine, all beans, blueberries, soy products, tonic water and camphor<\/p>\n\n\n\nTreatment of a mild reaction to Igm
slow infusion rate, try tylenol, benadryl, and steroids<\/p>\n\n\n\nPPD skin test
check skin after 48 – 72 hours; >10mm is positive. Induration seen on patient who has had TB immunization is normal and not positive. Someone who has been vaccinated for TB should not receive skin test.<\/p>\n\n\n\nSjogren’s syndrome
autoimmune destruction of minor salivary glands and lacrimal glands; anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-SSA +SSB<\/p>\n\n\n\nSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC)
most common type of lung tumors, 15% of lung cancers, 25% of lung cancer deaths. Arise from central part of lung, cell size range from 6-8mm. strong correlation to tobacco smoking. rapid rate of growth, metastasize early and widely, worst prognosis of all lung cancers. left untreated survival rate is 8% at 5 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\nhormones related to small cell carcinoma
arise from neuroendocrine cells that contain neurosecretory granules, exist throughout the tracheobronchial tree, associated with tumor-derived hormone production.
resultant s\/s called paraneoplastic syndromes are first manifestations of the underlying cancer.
examples: hyponatremia (antidiuretic hormone), cushing syndrome (adenocorticotropic hormone), hypocalcemia (calcitonin), gynecomastia (gonadotropins), carcinoid syndrome (serotonin), Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness of limbs)<\/p>\n\n\n\nDiagnosing lung cancer
chest x-ray, mutation in EFGR (gene mutation in people who have never smoked)<\/p>\n\n\n\nStep 1 asthma treatment
(intermittent asthma); Preferred: SABA inhaled<\/p>\n\n\n\nStep 2 asthma treatments (persistent asthma)
Preferred: low dose ICS, Alternative – theophylline<\/p>\n\n\n\nStep 3 asthma treatments
Preferred: low-dose ICS (inhaled corticosteroid) plus LABA or medium dose ICS<\/p>\n\n\n\nStep 4 asthma treatment
Preferred: med dose ICS plus LABA<\/p>\n\n\n\nStep 5 asthma treatment
Preferred: high dose ICS plus LABA<\/p>\n\n\n\nStep 6 asthma treatment
Preferred: high dose ICS plus LABA plus oral systemic corticosteroid<\/p>\n\n\n\nQuick relief medication for all asthma patients
inhaled SABA as needed for symptoms. Intensity of treatment depends on severity of symptoms (up to 3 treatments at 20 minute intervals PRN). Short course of systemic corticosteroids may be needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\nUse of inhaled SABA for more than 2 days\/week indicates:
inadequate control and the need to step up treatment<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"WGU D027 Final Exam Comprehensive Study Guide (Latest 2023\/ 2024 Update) Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A WGU D027 Final Exam ComprehensiveStudy Guide (Latest 2023\/ 2024 Update)Advanced PathopharmacologicalFoundations| Questions and VerifiedAnswers| 100% Correct| Grade AQ: primary malignant tumorAnswer:lack of organization of cellsQ: glucocorticoidsAnswer:used in combination with other agent to treat […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-130898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130898","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130898"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130898\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=130898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}