Correct Answer:
Newborns: Group B streptococci; E. Coli; Listeria Monocytogenes
Children and Teens: Neisseria Meningitidis; Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Streptococcus Pneumoniae; Listeria Monocytogenes
viral meningitis
Correct Answer:
More common:Enteroviruses, Herpes simplex, HIV
Less common: Mumps, varicella zoster, lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Fungal meningitis
Correct Answer:
Affects immunocompromised:
Cryptococcus
Coccidioides genuses
Tubercular Meningitis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Parasitic Meningitis:P. Falciparum
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Post-Ictal Phase<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n True<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This statement is true. Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Etiology of Seizures<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following is an etiology of a seizure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Meningitis.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Psychiatric disorders.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Cerebral bleeding.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n All of the above.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n All of the above<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Focal Seizure<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following is a characteristic of a focal seizure?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Can involve both brain hemispheres.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Usually involves one brain hemisphere.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The symptoms are generalized.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Patient will have both motor and sensory symptoms at the same time.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A focal seizure only involves on brain hemisphere.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A focal seizure only involves on brain hemisphere.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This statement is true. Febrile seizures are most common in children ages 6 months to 5 years.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Seizure Development<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following electrolyte abnormality is involved in the initiation and propagation phase of seizure development?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hyponatremia.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hypokalemia.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hypercalcemia.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hypernatremia.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The initiation and propagation phase of seizure development is impacted by hyponatremia.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Epilepsy vs Seizure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Convulsions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Epilepsy is a disorder that is due to one or more chronic conditions in the body. It is characterized by disturbed nerve cell activity in the brain. This leads to recurrent seizures. Seizures may occur due to brain trauma that leads to disturbed and uncontrolled nerve activity in the brain. It is important to differentiate between epilepsy and seizure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Seizure is a condition that occurs due to excessive and uncontrolled neuronal activity in the brain. The uncontrolled neuron activity can be generalized or localized to one area of the brain. For example, it can be localized just to the area that perceives the touch sensation. Whether it is generalized or localized, the excessive neuronal activity lead to the seizure. The type of seizure will depend on the area of the brain affected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mechanisms of Seizure Development<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Normally there exists a balance between the excitation and inhibition of neurons in the CNS. Neuronal activity is regulated by acetylcholine (ACH) and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). Neurons are synchronously active at the same time when they are not supposed to be. The term active denotes neuron firing where they are sending electrical signals from neuron to neuron. A microscope view of a neuron will demonstrate that each electrical signal that passes through it are just ions floating in and out through protein channels (see diagram below). The ion flow is controlled through neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors to tell the cell to either open the ion channels to relay the chemical message (excitatory neurotransmitters) or close the ion channels to inhibit the electrical message (inhibitory neurotransmitters).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Phases of seizures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Phases of Seizures Seizure Etiology<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This seizure is most common in children. It is caused by a genetic abnormality. They are characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness without muscle tone and last for only a few seconds. There is no associated post-ictal confusion.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Absent Seizures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This seizure is characterized by unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonic Seizures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n There is wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cerebral cortex. These occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy. There is excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Generalized tonic-clonic seizures:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n This seizure is characterized by muscle spasms.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Clonic Seizures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Post-Ictal Phase<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The post-ictal phase of a seizure can last up to two hours.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n True<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n True<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Focal Seizure<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Not be able to interact with the environment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Have gradual loss of consciousness<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Have no impairment of consciousness.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Lose cognitive ability momentarily<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n A lack of dyscognitive features will have no impairment of consciousness.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Febrile Seizures<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Antiseizure medication is the first line treatment for a febrile seizure.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n True<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n what are the phases of tonic-clonic seizure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tonic-clonic phase (lasts 10-20 seconds): Due to the excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves that results in: Tension Headache<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following is characteristic of a tension headache?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Is the most common type of headache<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Is limited to one side of the face<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Can be the worst headache experienced<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Has associated symptoms<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tension headache is the most common type of headache.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The symptoms of the aural phase of a migraine headache correspond directly to the movement of the cortico-spreading depression across the cerebral cortex. This statement is true. The symptoms of the aural phase of a migraine headache correspond directly to the movement of the cortico-spreading depression across the cerebral cortex.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pharmacological management of a tension headache involves the use of opioids during acute headache Simple analgesics and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are commonly used for a tension headache.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n We have an expert-written solution to this problem!<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Types of primary headaches<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n migraine, tension type, cluster, sinus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Secondary Headaches<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Secondary headaches are a result of serious underlying diseases. Secondary headaches will consist of warning signs and symptoms. These most often occur in individuals >50 years of age. It is often described as being “the worst headache of my life”. It also has the maximum intensity at onset (thunderclap headache). It may also be triggered or worsened by exertion (subarachnoid hemorrhage). Other concerns include decreased level of consciousness, fever, seizure, present concurrently with infection, malignancy, pregnancy, thrombotic therapy or ophthalmological findings (papilledema). You can remember these by the acronym SNOOP:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Primary vs secondary headaches<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Cluster headaches are a group of idiopathic headaches that are associated with trigeminal neuralgia true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Associated symptoms of a cluster headache include: Runny nose, eye redness and tearing are associated with cluster headaches.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following interventions are used in the treatment of a migraine headache? all<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The facial nerve plays a role in taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. This statement is true. The facial nerve plays a role in taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following are signs and symptoms of Bell’s Palsy? Drooping mouth and eyelid are characteristics signs and symptoms of Bell’s Palsy.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bell’s Palsy is caused by damage to the trigeminal nerve It is caused by damage to the 7th cranial nerve (facial nerve).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve) has a motor component and lacks a sensory component The trigeminal nerve has both a motor and sensory component.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bell Palsy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bell’s palsy involves weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face that is caused by damage to the 7th cranial nerve (facial nerve). The underlying cause of cranial nerve damage is idiopathic. When there is facial nerve paralysis from a known cause (stroke, tumor, trauma), it is not considered a Bell’s palsy. Peripheral nerves that emerge from the brain and brain stem are called cranial nerves. Their anatomical location is shown in the diagram below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Symptoms of bell palsy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Absence of a nasolabial fold (runs from the side of the nose to the corner of the mouth) trigeminal neuralgia<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve characterized by sudden, intense, brief attacks of sharp pain on one side of the face. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia involves the use of anticonvulsant medication. True<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bell’s palsy involves an upper motor neuron lesion (False)- Bell’s palsy involves a lower motor neuron lesion.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following are characteristic of trigeminal nerve pain? all<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Which of the following organisms are the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in newborns? Group B streptococci are the most common bacteria causing bacterial meningitis in newborn.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The ability for the bacteria that causes meningitis to exit the primary infection site to enter the meninges is based on the organism’s virulent factors which include: All affect the virulence of the bacteria.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The cells responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricle cavity are: The epidymal cells are responsible for producing CSF.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The basement membrane of the blood-brain barrier is surrounded by astrocytes (glial cells). This statement is true. The basement membrane of the blood-brain barrier is surrounded by astrocytes (glial cells).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Meningitis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. The meninges are the layers that surround and protect the brain. It can be caused by either a bacteria, virus or fungus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bacterial Meningitis<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Newborns:<\/strong> Group B streptococci; E. Coli; Listeria Monocytogenes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Children and Teens<\/strong>: Neisseria Meningitidis; Streptococcus Pneumoniae<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Streptococcus Pneumoniae; Listeria Monocytogenes<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
During a seizure, clusters of neurons in the brain become temporarily impaired. Seizures develop in a group of neurons when there is hyperexcitability and usually happens in two phases:
Initiation phase: Some neurons become hyperexcited and start to have excess neuron discharges. One of the most important reasons relates to the body’s sodium level as in the case of hyponatremia.
Propagation phase: Normally the neurons that have neuronal discharges are surround by a zone of inhibitory neurons called the zone of hyperpolarization. This zone prevents the spread of excessive neuron discharges to other parts of the brain. But due to some abnormality in the brain, as in the case of decreased sodium levels, the zone of hyperpolarization gets depolarized that allows the spread of neurons to other parts of the brain.
In the diagram below, the electrical activity in the normal brain is displayed. Seizures can be partial or generalized in terms of the extent of the neuronal discharges. In a partial seizure, a portion of the brain is involved. During a generalized seizure, the neuronal discharge encompasses the entire cerebral cortex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=100,onerror=redirect,w=120\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/XnU2jQaGahqNW0jwvevSTQ.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=100,onerror=redirect,w=120\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/C17yDRkirx-imrXkdkRX1A.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
The muscles of the body become contracted. without any relaxation.
Loss of consciousness.
Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the laryngeal muscles and muscles of expiration.
Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and blood pressure<\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/MX7X332rYlS-psb-84c57A.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/fcocL7W2CyOzyi1TFzDrQg.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nausea and vomiting
Lateral neck pain
Runny nose, eye redness and tearing
Sensitivity to noise<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) or Aspirin
Antiemetic medication
Hydration
All of the above<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prominent nasolabial fold
Increased taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Drooping mouth and eyelid
All of the above<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Image:](\"https:\/\/quizlet.com\/cdn-cgi\/image\/f=auto,fit=cover,h=200,onerror=redirect,w=240\/https:\/\/o.quizlet.com\/HCH6EEpze9U.JP1trNfung.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Drooping eyelid
Drooping mouth
Dryness of the affected eye or mouth
Hypersensitivity to loud noises
Loss of taste sensation on anterior two-thirds of the tongue.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve. It originates from the brain and branches into the ophthalmic branch,maxillary branch, and mandibular branch<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Often attacks suddenly and is intermittent
Pain can be incapacitating
Pain is described as sharp and stabbing
All of the above<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Streptococci pneumoniae
Group B streptococci
Cryptococcus
Varicella zoster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Colonization
Immune Evasion
Meningeal invasion
All of the above<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ependymal cells
Synaptic cells
Glial cells
Nerve cells<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
True
False<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n