cavity are:
a. Ependymal cells
b. Synaptic cells
c. Glial cells
d. Nerve cells
Correct Answer:
The epidymal cells are responsible for producing CSF.
The basement membrane of the blood-brain barrier is surrounded by
astrocytes (glial cells).
a. True
b. False
Correct Answer:
This statement is true. The basement membrane of the blood-brain barrier is
surrounded by astrocytes (glial cells).
Meningitis
Correct Answer:
Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. The meninges are the layers
that surround and protect the brain. It can be caused by either a bacteria,
virus or fungus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Screenshot_100-1024x710.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBacterial Meningitis
Correct Answer:
Newborns: Group B streptococci; E. Coli; Listeria Monocytogenes
Children and Teens: Neisseria Meningitidis; Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Streptococcus Pneumoniae; Listeria Monocytogenes
viral meningitis
Correct Answer:
More common:Enteroviruses, Herpes simplex, HIV
Less common: Mumps, varicella zoster, lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Fungal meningitis
Correct Answer:
Affects immunocompromised:
Cryptococcus
Coccidioides genuses
Tubercular Meningitis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Parasitic Meningitis:P. Falciparum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
endometrial cycle
The 28 days of the menstrual cycle as they apply to the events in the uterus. The endometrial cycle has four subphases: menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase, and the ischemic phase .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
proliferative phase
The second phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle, during which the endometrium (shed off during menstration is rebuilt). This phase of the cycle is under the control of estrogen, secreted from the follicle developing in the ovary during this time period. The proliferative phase typically lasts from day 6 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
secretory phase
The third phase of the uterin (endometrial) cycle, during which the rebuilt endometrium is enhanced with glycogen and lipid stores. The secretory phase is primarily under the controll of progestone and estrogen (secreted from the copus luteum during this time period), adn typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ischemic phase
Approximately 3 days before menstruation to onset of menstruation. due to the decreased production of estrogen or progesterone and the endometrium becomes blood starved<\/p>\n\n\n\n
menstrual cycle
Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ovulation
The process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month<\/p>\n\n\n\n
uterine prolapse
the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina<\/p>\n\n\n\n
risk factors for uterine prolapse
menopause, pregnancy, coughing, constipation, obesity, pelvic floor trauma, vaginal birth, hysterectomy, connective tissue disorders, spina bifida<\/p>\n\n\n\n
uterine prolapse treatment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- kegel exercises<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- estrogen therapy<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- maintaining a healthy bmi, preventing constipation, treating chronic cough<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- pessary<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- surgical option s last resort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
polycystic ovarian syndrome
defined as two of the following three features<\/p>\n\n\n\n- \n
- irregular ovulation
-elevated adrogens (testosterone)<\/li>\n\n\n\n - and the appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
differentials for pcos<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- thyroid dysfunction<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- hyperprolactinemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Characteristics associated with PCOS
-metabolic dysfunction<\/p>\n\n\n\n- \n
- dyslipidemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- insulin resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- obesity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
polycystic ovarian syndrome treatment
(1) diagnosis and education;
(2) lifestyle change – loss of 10% of body weight may help;
(3) birth control pills help with some symptoms;
(4) diabetes medications & dietary treatment may slowly normalize physiology (lower sugar, lower insulin, fewer androgens)<\/p>\n\n\n\ntesticular cancer
malignant tumor in one or both testicles commonly developing from the germ cells that produce sperm; classified in two groups according to growth potential<\/p>\n\n\n\nconditions that increase risk of testicular cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- being a man between the ages of 20-45<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- cryptochidism (undescended testicle)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- family history<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- previous testicle cancer<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- white men are more likely<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
symptoms of breast cancer
change in the shape or appearance of your breasts, skin or nipple changes such as dimpling of the skin, Squeeze each nipple gently to identify any discharge, chest pain (mets to the lung)<\/p>\n\n\n\nsigns of premenstrual dysphoric disorder
physical – breast tenderness, abdominal bloating, headache and swelling of extremities
emotional – depression anger, irritability and fatigue
resolve with menstruation<\/p>\n\n\n\ncauses of dysfunctional uterine bleeding
can be due to structural (polyp, malignancies and hyperplasia) or non structural causes (coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfuction, endometrial<\/p>\n\n\n\ntreatment for abnormal uterine bleeding<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- NSAIDS
(reduce prostaglandin, causes vasoconstriction, and decreased menstrual bleeding)<\/li>\n\n\n\n - Oral contraceptives<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Depo provera<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Levonorgestrel intrauterine device<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Pathophysiology of prostate cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- more than 90% of all cancer arising from the prostate are adenocarcinomas (glandular tissue)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- tumor becomes clinically relevant when local invasion or distant metastasis
— starts with genetic mutation of luminal or basal cell<\/li>\n\n\n\n - RF are old age, obesity and high fat low fiber diet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Treatment of prostate cancer
chemotherapy, radiation, hormones, prostatectomy<\/p>\n\n\n\nHPV and the development of cervical cancer
HPV is a necessary precursor to development of cervical dysplasia which is a necessary step for the cell changes leading to cervical cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n- \n
- multiple sex partners, smoking, long history of oral contraceptive use use of vaginal douches and immunocompromised are at higher risk as well<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
body’s process for adapting to high hormone levels
negative feedback system occurs telling the endocrine system to stop secreting hormones because there are enough hormones in the bloodstream<\/p>\n\n\n\nCushing’s syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- adrenal glands secrete cortisol<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe muscle bone and skin breakdown<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- elevated blood glucose levels and high insulin levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- central obesity<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- amplify catecholamines on blood vessels and causes high blood pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- inhibit gonadotropin releasing homone messing up ovarian and testicle function<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- dampens inflammatory and immune response<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- caused by medications (steroids)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- excess ACTH by benign pituitary adenoma (cushings disease)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Causes of hypoparathyroidism
Autoimmune damage to parathyroids, surgical excision, DiGeorge syndrome<\/p>\n\n\n\nDiGeorge Syndrome
failure 3rd\/4th pharyngeal pouches to develop; T cell deficiency; absent thymus<\/p>\n\n\n\nlab results that indicate primary hypothyroidism
occurs from thyroid dysfunction<\/p>\n\n\n\n- \n
- increased level of TSH<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- low free T4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
pathophysiology of thyroid storm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- autoimmune disease where b-cells produce antibodies against thyroid proteins<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- create a hypermetabolic state due to too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- effect of excess thyroid hormone is magnified due to more unbound thyroid hormone, tissues becoming more sensitive to the thyroid hormone, or body being more sensitive to catecholamines activating the sympathetic nervous system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Signs of thyrotoxicosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- fever<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- agitation confusion seizures and coma<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- cardiac arrhythmias and high output cardiac failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Dermatomes
area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve<\/p>\n\n\n\nsubstance release at the synapse
neurotransmitters are sent across open space to surrounding synapse to send a signal<\/p>\n\n\n\nspondylolysis
the breaking down of the vertebral structure; uni or bilateral
-risk factors are extreme sport during adolescence<\/p>\n\n\n\n- \n
- pain, lumbar spine pressure sensation, antalgic gait, hamstring tightness<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- tx pain management, boston brace, pt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
motor and sensory areas of the brain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- multiple sex partners, smoking, long history of oral contraceptive use use of vaginal douches and immunocompromised are at higher risk as well<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- NSAIDS
- irregular ovulation