The oral temperature should not be used on a patient who cannot follow directions, has decreased mentation or breathes through his or her mouth Assessing tympanic temperature Normal findings: 98.2-100Abnormal findings: less than 98.2 or greater than 100<\/em> Should not be used on a patient who is experiencing ear pain, ear drainage or has large amounts of wax in the ear
Assessing temporal temperature Normal Findings: 98.7-100.5Abnormal Findings: less than 98.7 or greater than 100.5
Assessing Rectal temperature Normal Findings: 98.7-100.5Abnormal Findings: less than 98.7 or greater than 100.5* should not be taken on a patient who had rectal surgery, disease of the rectum, low wbc count, blood clotting disorders, neurologic disease, cardiac disease, diarrhea, hemorrhoids
Palpating the radial pulse To assess heartbeat throughout the wall of the radial peripheral artery at the wristNormal findings: resting pulse 60-10o. rhythm: regular. amplitude: +2Abnormal findings: pulse less than 60 or greater than 100Rhythm: irregular with pausesAmplitude: absent, weak, bounding
Bradycardia heart rate less than 60 bpm
Tachycardia Heart rate grader than 100 bpm
Arrhythmia irregular heart rate
Auscultating the apical pulse Normal Finding: 60-100 bpm, rhythm: normalAbnormal Finding: Less than 60 or greater than 100, rhythm is irregular with pauses
Pulse Deficit difference between the apical and radial pulse rates
Assessing Respiratory Rate To assess the pulmonary ventilationNormal Findings: 12-20 bpmAbnormal Findings: less that 12 bpm or more than 20 bpm
Dyspnea difficulty breathing
Assessing blood pressure in upper arm To assess circulatory blood volume as the heart contracts and relaxesNormal: less than 120\/less than 80
Hypotension blood pressure that is below normal limits
Pre hypertension 120-129\/ 80
Stage 1 hypertension 130-139\/80-89
Stage 2 hypertension 140-149\/90-99
orthostatic hypotension Low blood pressure that occurs from lying down or when you stand up from a sitting position
Acute Pain short term
Chronic Pain long term
Intractable pain constant
Intermittent Pain Comes and goes
Cutaneous Pain originates from skin and subcutaneous tissue; it is a superficial pain
Colicky Pain fluctuates in intensity from severe to mild and most often occurs in waves; usually related to spasms in the intestines
Nociceptive Pain results from damage or inflammation to the sensory nerves in soft tissues; it may be described as dull, sharp or achy pain
Somatic Pain a diffuse, sharp and well localized pain
Visceral Pain is vague or poorly localized and usually originates from internal organs
Neuropathic Pain Caused by injury or damage to nerves; this pain feels sharp, stings, burns and the patient may experience numbness and tingling sensation
pshychogenic pain has no organic structural cause
Radiating Pain Starts in one area and spreads out to another part of the body
Referred pain Felt in an area away from the actual source of the pain
Epidermis Outer layer of the skin
Dermis middle later of the skin
subcutaneous layer innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue
lunula a crescent-shaped whit opaque area near the nail root
Nailbeds pink due to highly vascular epithelial cells
Sebaceous glands Located over the entire body except on the palms of the hands and soles of feet. Produces and secretes a protective oil through the hair follicles called sebum
Eccrine glands A type of sweat glands that produce an odorless fluid to maintain body temperature and produces sweat
Apocrine glands A sweat gland that produces a body odor when reacting to bacterial decomposition and increases in response to emotional stress; located in the axillary and genital regions
Acne an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous follicles of the skin, marked by comedones, papules, and pustules
Cancer a malignancy of the cells
Eczema A chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes the skin to become scaly, itchy, inflamed, and irritated
Psoriasis A chronic immune disorder that causes the skin to develop silvery, scaly plaques
Seborrhea dermatitis An inflammatory skin condition causing flay, yellow, scale to form on the scalp, ears and face
Albinism Inherited disorder caused by the total or partial absence of an enzyme that produces melanin
Carotenemia A yellowing of the skin due to increased dietary intake of carotene in the diet, from foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, corn, yams, spinach, and beans. the sclera of the eye does not become yellow
Central Cyanosis Bluish discoloration to the skin related to decreased circulating oxygen; best asses in the oral mucosa, conjunctiva of the eyes, lips and tounge
Erythema Red, pink skin color; may indicate inflammation, fever, or increased blood flow. In carbon monoxide poisoning, the individual will have a bright red cherry face and upper trunk
Hyperpigmentation darker skin color
hypopigmentation lighter skin color
Jaundice Yellowing of the skin due to excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood
Pallor\/pale pale skin is seen in anemia, a decrease in circulating red blood cells or blood flow, or absence of oxygenated blood
Peripheral Cyanosis A blue, grey, slate, or dark purple discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes caused by deoxygenated or reduced hemoglobin in the blood; may occur with decreased cardiac output
Vitiligo Autoimmune disorder that causes smooth, white patches of skin all over the body
Rosacea an inflammatory skin condition causing redness, swelling and spider-like blood vessels to develop on the middle of the face
Macule a circular, small, flat spot less than .5cm in diameter. Macules are red, brown, or white in color, and the color is not the same as nearby skin
Patch irregular, flat, non palpable macule greater than 1cm
Paupule A solid, elevated spot that appears rough in texture and measures less than .5 cm in diameter
Vesicle A raised, round, or oval with serous blood or clear fluid measuring less than .5 cm in diameter
Tumor A solid, elevated and palpable measuring greater than ,5cm; may vary in shape and size
Wheal Defined by raised swelling, red bumps, or welts and itchy skin. Wheals are red in color and are usually caused by an allergic reaction
Nodule solid, elevated and palpable measuring less than .5cm
Telangiectasia Small, dilated blood vessels in the surface of the skin
Cyst Elevated, encapsulated and filled with fluid measuring 1cm or larger
Crust a dried collection of blood, serum or pus; part of the normal healing process
Scale A dry build up of dead skin cells that usually flaes off the surface of the skin
Exoriation a hollow crusted area with loss of the epidermis and in exposed dermis; may be caused by scratching the area
Erosion a depressed area that is moist and shiny, a loss of the superficial epidermis
Fissure a linear break in the skin that involves the epidermal and dermal layers
Ulcer a concave, exudative and variable in size. ulcers erode different laters of the skin
Scar a discolored fibrous tissue that appears over healed surgical incisions and wounds
Keloid Created by excessive collagen production extending beyond the original boundaries of a wound or incision
Hyperhydrosis Is excessive sweating of the body or hands, palms, armpits, feet or due to an increased number of sweat gland
Diffuse\/generalized lesions distributed over the entire body as in hives or allergic reactions
Localized Lesions in a very limited, discrete area
Scattered lesions that are sparsely distributed as in seborrheic keratosis. Seborrheic keratosis are brown to black skin growths that can occur due to the aging process
Regional Confined specifically to one body area
dermatome Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
Mole Neumonic A- asymmetryB- BorderC- ColorD- DiameterE- evolving
Ecchymosis a bruise caused by bleeding under the skin or mucous membranes; occurs as a result of local trauma
Hematoma an elevated collection of clotted blood within the tissue caused by a break in a blood vessel
Petechiae tiny, pinpoint hemorrhages caused by superficial bleeding from the capillaries of the skin
Purpura hemorrhagic red or purple spot or rash that is flat and does not blanch
Alopecia hair loss
Folliculitis inflammation of the hair follicles
Hirsutism excessive hair growth over the body
Beau’s line a white horizontal groove across the nail bed, usually caused by disease, toxin reaction or trauma
onychomycosis a thickening yellow discoloration and scaling of the nail bed due to a fungal infection
Paronychia a skin infection around the nail causing erythema, swelling and tenderness at nail fold
Pitting a sign of psoriasis
Splinter Hemorrhages appear as red streaks in the nails caused by bleeding from capillaries under the nails
Spoon nails Are flat or concave; outer edges flare out
Stage 1 pressure ulcer nonblancable erythema of intact skin
Stage 2 pressure ulcer partial thickness tissue loss involving both epidermis and dermis
Stage 3 pressure ulcer Full thickness tissue loss involving the subcutaneous tissue
Stage 4 pressure ulcer Full thickness tissue loss with extensive involvement of muscle or bone, or supporting structures
Turbinates Flaps of skin on outer edge of each nare
Rhinitis Inflammation of the the mucosa in the nose causing nasal congestion and sneezing
angular cheilitis inflammation at the corners of the mouth
Angioedema edema of the lips; usually related to an allergic reaction
Herpes Simplex Virus manifests with cold sores or blisters on the lips
Thrush a fungal infection that creates thick, white to yellow patches on tongue and basal mucosa
Atrophic glossitis a smooth red or pink tongue; may indicate nutritional deficiencies
Hairy Tounge a white to dark overgrowth, may indicate systemic immune suppression or too much bacteria
Leukoplakia Patches on tongue usually white or grey that may progress to cancer
squamous cell carcinoma presents as a thickened white or red patch or plaque
Tonsilitis a viral or bacterial infection of the tonsils; tonsils become enlarged, swollen and may have white or yellow drainage
Pharyngitis a sore throat caused by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the back of the throat
Torticollis A stiff neck with muscle spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on one side of the body causing a lateral flexion contracture of the cervical spine musculature
Audiometric testing a hearing evaluation to assess conductive and sensorineural hearing loss at different high and low frequencies
Tympanometry assesses the movement of the tympanic membrane and disorders of the middle ear
Tinnitus “the perception of sound when no actual external noise is present. Commonly referred to as “”ringing in the ears”””
Cauliflower ear occurs from repeated trauma or hitting the ear
Microtia a congenital deformity; the pinna is underdeveloped
Macrotia abnormally large ears
Tophi hard, white or cream colored, non-tender deposits of uric acid crystals indicative of gout
Conductive hearing loss when sound is not conducted through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the ossicles of the middle hear
sensioneural hearing loss Inner ear hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the cochlea or to nerve pathways to inner ear
Mixed hearing loss includes both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
The Weber test to assess unilateral hearing loss and functioning of the cochlear nerve
The Rinne test to assess hearing by bone conduction versus air conduction and middle ear disease
Earwax (cerumen) a moist or dry, waxy substance that acts to protect the skin of the external ear canal from water damage, infection trauma and foreign bodies
Otits externa inflammation of the outer ear causing redness, inflammation, discharge, and pain
Otitis media inflammation of the inner ear causing pain, inflammation, pressure, and a build up of fluid; bright red bulging eardrum or no cone of light visible
Serous otitis media an accumulation of fluid in the middle ear caused by an obstruction of the eustachian tube
Otomycosis a fungal infection of the external auditory canal; black and white dots will be present in the ear drum and canal
Otalgia ear pain
Otorrhea ear drainage
Scarred tympanic membrane less blood supply and appears to have white, dense, streaks and spotting
Perforated tympanic membrane a ruptured tympanic membrane, a dark oval, hole will be present in the membrane
conjuctiva thin membrane covering the front eye and inner eyelids
Sclera white avascular tissue that protects the eye and maintains the shape of the eye
intraocular muscles six small muscles connect to the sclera to control eye movements, secure the eyeball in the sockets and allow sight in different directions
Tonometry A device to measure intraocular pressure
cataracts are a clouding of the lens that causes blurry, decreased or loss of vision
Glaucoma a buildup of intraocular pressure that damages the eyes optic nerve causing loss of peripheral vision
Macular Degeneration a deterioration of the central part of the retina causing loss of central vision
Loss of visual acuity refers to the inability to see objects clearly
Loss of visual field refers to the inability to see from side to side or up and down without moving the eyes or turning the head
Farsightedness (hyperopia) difficulty focusing on near objects;
Nearsightedness (myopia) distant objects appear blurred
Ptosis drooping of the eyelid caused by muscle or nerve dysfunction, injury or disease
Blepharitis an inflammation and infection of the eyelid margins. the eyelid margin becomes red, crusty, and greasy due to too much oil being produced by the eye glands
Blocked Lacrimal duct causes excessive tearing because tears cannot drain properly
Conjunctivitis a bacterial or viral infection causing erythema of the sclera and yellow-green drainage of the conjunctiva
Corneal abrasion a painful scratch to the clear surface of the eye, usually related to trauma to the eye
Ectropion everted eyelid
Entropian inverted eyelid
Exophthalmos a protrusion of the anterior portion of the eyeball
Hordeolum A stye, an infection of a follicle of an eyelash that causes redness, inflammation and a lump at the site
Scleral jaundice a sign of elevated bilirubin in the blood
Pterygium a gelatinous, abnormal growth of the conjuntiva
Periorbital edema swelling in the tissues of the eye
presbyopia inability to focus clearly on near objects
Legal blindness visual acuity of 20\/200 or more
How to assess for visual acuity Use the snellen chart and stand 20 feet from chart
How to assess for color blindness Used the Ishihara plates
How to assess for central vision\/macular degeneration The amsler grid test
Scotoma an area of reduced or absent vision surrounded by an area of normal vision
Hemianopia When half the vision field is lost
dilopia double vision
Nystagmus an involuntary, cyclical movement of the eyes
Anisocoria unequal size of pupils
Mydriasis a bilateral dilated and fixed pupils
Horner Syndrome a sign of medical condition that affects one side of the face; drooping eyelid, constricted pupil
Pulse Oximeter measures the oxygen saturation
Arterial Blood Gases Measuring the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
thoracentesis an insertion of a needle into the thoracic cavity; the test is performed for analysis or removal of fluid from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
Bronchoscopy a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure that provides direct visualization of the larynx, trachea and bronchial tree
Lung biopsy removes small piece of lung tissue from analysis
Asthma a reactive airway disease causing inflammation increased mucus production and narrowing of the bronchi; symptoms include cough, confession, shortness of breath and wheezing
COPD an obstructive and progressive lung disease causing inflammation and destruction of the lung tissue; symptoms include shortness of breath and congestion
Cystic fibrosis a hereditary disease of the exocrine glands; the body produces abnormally thick and sticky mucus that obstructs the lungs and digestive organs
Bronchitis a viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation of the bronchi; the most common symptoms are fever, cough, and lung congestion
pneumonia a viral, bacterial or fungal infection of the lung causing inflammation and congestion in the alveoli of the lung; symptoms include fever, cough, congestion and shortness of breath
Dyspnea Difficult breathing
Orthopena Difficulty breathing while laying in the supine position
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea shortness of breath while sleeping
Pursed lip breathing breathing through the nose and exhaling through the pursed lips
Bradypnea abnormally slow respirations. Respirations less than 12
Tachypnea abnormally rapid respirations. Respirations greater than 20 bpm
Kussmaul Respirations respirations that are regular but abnormally deep and increased in rate
Biot respirations irregular respirations of variable depth alternating with regular or irregular periods of apnea; also called ataxic breathing
Cheyne-Stokes respiration Gradual increase indepth of respirations, followed by gradual decrease and then a period of apnea
apnea absence of breathing
Clubbing of nail plates Occur with chronic lack of oxygen or hypoxia
Crepitus a light crackling or popping feeling under the skin caused by leakage of air into the subcutaneous tissue; sounds like rice krispies
Palpating tactile fremitus to palpate voice sound vibrations through the bronchi
Increased fremitus may indicate increased density of the lung tissue; may be related to fluid or pathology in the lung that is changing the density or compressing the lung tissue, such as pneumonia
Decreased fremitus may indicate the vibrations are obstructed with fluid (pleural effusion), decreased air movement (emphysema)
Dullness sounds are soft and muffled and heard over areas of increased density
Hyperresonance A low-pitched, drumlike, accentuated percussion sound heard in the lungs when the bronchi and alveoli are overinflated as in emphysema and asthma
Diastole a period of time that the heart relaxes and fills with blood, decreasing blood pressure in the arterial system
Systole a period of time that the heart ventricles contract and push blood out into the arterial systems
Cardiac output the amount of blood the heart pumps out in 1 minute
What region does the liver lie in? the liver occupies almost the entire right upper quadrant
What enzymes exist largely in the liver? AST and ALT. A rise in these enzymes indicate injury to the liver
Bilirubin Primarily produced in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. An increase in bilirubin deposits a yellow pigment in the skin and sclera.
Where doest the gallbladder lie? The right upper quadrant
What are the two primary functions of the pancreas? Endocrine function that secretes insulin and exocrine function that releases pancreatic juice
What are the digestive enzymes of the pancreas? Amylase and lipases. Elevations of these enzymes may indicate obstruction, inflammation or early pancreatic cancer
What quadrant is the stomach in? The stomach is in the left upper quadrant
What quadrant is the spleen in? The spleen is in the left upper quadrant
Stool Analysis an examination of feces for volume, odor, shape, color, consistency, and presence of mucus, pathogens and substances
Fecal Occult blood test A test for hidden occult blood in the stool.
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) blood test that measures the amount of urea in the blood
Creatinine If the waste products are accumulating and are not excreted by the kidneys, creatinine levels rise
Dysphagia Difficulty Swallowing
Pyrosis “Indigestion\/heartburn usually described as a “”burning sensation”” in the epigastric area radiating up the throat”
Dyspepsia A vague feeling of fullness and chest discomfort, indigestion, or burning in the chest or upper abdomen, especially after eating
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) a motility disorder characterized by heartburn and reflux of gastric content into the lower esophagus
Parietal Pain a steady, sharp, localized and intensifies with movement; usually caused by inflammation of the parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal Pain caused by peritoneal inflammation produces localized, sharp or generalized abdominal tenderness
bilious vomiting green-yellow bile related to a biliary obstruction
Black vomit vomit containing blood acted on by gastric digestion
Coffee ground vomit appearance and consistency of coffee ground mateiral; may have blood mixed in with the vomitus
Hematemesis vomiting of blood
Projectile Vomiting without nausea sign of central stimulation of the medulla; could be a sign of brain pathology or head trauma
Dysuria painful or difficult urination indicative of an inflammatory condition or pathology of the urinary tract
Renal Colic Pain results from a kidney stone
Aneurysm a weakening and out pouching of an artery
Ascites an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
diastasis recti a bulging area in the abdomen occurring with the seperation of the two halves of the rectus abdomonis muscles in the midline
Hernia protrusion of an organ through the abdominal wall
Hyperactive bowel sounds high-pitched bowel sounds
Hypoactive bowel sounds soft, irregular sounds may indicate early bowl obstruction or increased peristalsis
borborygmus loud-gurgling or rumbling sounds made by the movement of gas through the intestines
Portal Hypertension an increase in pressure in the portal vein caused by an obstruction in the blood flow through the lover
Bruits turbulent, blowing sounds heard over a partially or totally obstructed artery. Most commonly a build up of plaque in the artery
Venous Hum continuous medium-pitched sound caused by turbulent blood flow in a large vascular organ
Friction Rub a grating sound heard over inflamed organs with serous surfaces
Distended bladder is palpated as a smooth, round, and firm mass extending as far up as the umbilicus. A person with a distended bladder may have difficulty urinating or will release only small amounts of urine
percussing costovertebral tenderness to assess tenderness or inflammation of the kidney
Paracentisis The procedure to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity by inserting a needle into the cavity for diagnostic evaluation
Angiogram an x-ray that uses special dye to visualize blood flow through arteries or veins
Angioplasty a balloon is places in the blocked area and inflated to break up the plaque, widen the diameter of the artery and increase blood flow
peripheral arterial disease (PAD) a term used to describe narrowing or occlusion by atherosclerotic plaques of arteries outside the heart and brain
Intermittent claudication a cramp like pain felt in the buttocks, thighs or calves during exercise or walking due to decreased blood flow and oxygen to legs
Lymphedema an accumulation of lymph fluid in the tissues
Raynaud’s disease a result of cold induced vasospasm of the small blood vessels in the fingers and toes, causing blanching, cyanosis or redness of the hands and feet
Loss of hair on the extremities Decreased circulation causes hair loss in the affected extremity and rough, scaly, flaky skin
Coolness of extremities Loss of circulation causes coolness of the extremity
Decreased wound healing decreased circulation causes poor or delayed wound healing
Abnormal findings of lymph nodes greater than 1 cm, rock hard, fixed or matted, tender nodes
A thrill an abnormal tremor accompanying a vascular murmur
Cellulitis a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue: the skin appears red and swollen; feels warm hot and tender
Edema an accumulation of fluid seeping into the tissues
varicose veins protruding veins of the lower extremities; resulting from incompetent values; pooling of blood in the veins
Joints Connects bones together
Synovial joint has a joint capsule that keeps the synovial fluid in the joint. serves to lubricate and provide nutrients to the joint
Nonsynovial joints Joints will not have synovial fluid
Fused joints found primarily in the skull; these joints are irregular and flat
ball and socket joint allows for greater movement and are found in the shoulder and hip
Hinge found in the elbow, finger, knee and toes
Gliding Found in the wrist, hand, ankle and foot
Plane Found primarily in the vertabrae
Condyloid found primarily in the wrists
Abduction movement away from the midline
Adduction movement toward the midline
Pronation a rotational movement away from anatomical neutral
Supination is rotational movement toward the anatomical neutral
Eversion Moving away from the midline of the body
Inversion moving toward the midline of the body
Dorsifelxion upward flexion of the foot
Plantar flexion downward flexion of the foot
Flexion moving toward the body
Extension Moving away from the body
Elevation movement that raises a body part in its plane
What is it called when a tendon is injured? Strain
What is it called when a ligament is injured? Sprain
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) a blood test that shows increased CPK enzyme levels when muscle tissue is injured. Elevation indicated an injured muscle
Osteoarthritis a progressive disease; the protective cartilage at the ends of the bones wear down. More commonly in women
rheumatoid arthritis a progressive, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects the smaller synovial metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Osteoporosis A progressive disease; the bone matrix is not being replaces by new bone ad bone mass and density decrease
What are the 5 P’s of pain? PainparalysisParesthesiaPallorPulselessness
ataxia an unsteady gait that may be used to compensate for injury or pain in the extremities. May also indicate a problem with cerebellar function
Scissor gait most commonly seen in cerebral palsy. the legs cross the midline in a swinging fashion to compensate for lack of motion
Shuffling gait may indicate a problem with balance, parkinson’s disease or decreased lower extremity strength
Foot Drop weakness or paralysis of the muscles of the leg or the inability to control plantar flexion of the ankle
Scoliosis an abnormal curvature of the spine that occurs in a lateral manner may look like a C or S
Kyphosis a curvature of the spine that looks like slouching or hunchback posture. This occurs in the thoracic spine
Lordosis a curvature of the spine that looks like an arched lower back and increased inward curvature of the lumbar spine
Bouchards Nodes bony enlargements of the proximal interphalangeal joints
Heberdens nodes bony enlargements of the distal interphalangeal joints
Radial Deviation movement of the hand toward the radial head
Ulnar deviation movement of the hand toward the ulnar head
Tinel’s sign tap the median nerve; if the patient complains of tingling or pain radiating to the thumb= positive tinel sign
Phalen’s test patient flexes both wrists downward with fingers pointed downward if patient feels tingling or numbness = positive phalens test
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome compression of the median nerve
Hallux vagus (bunion) a lateral deviation and enlarged joint of the great toe
Hammertoe permanent contracted toe deformity
CN I Olfactory
CN II optic
CN III Oculomotor
CN IV Trochlear
CN V Trigeminal
CN VI Abducens
CN VII Facial
CN VIII Acoustic
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
CN X Vagus
CN XI spinal accessory
CN XII Hypoglossal
Electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors are attached to the head to measure electrical activity of the brain; used to diagnose seizure activity and neurological disorders
Lumbar Puncture Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the vertebrae to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid for analysis
Cerebral angiography dye is injected in the femoral arteries to assess cerebral circulation
Meningitis inflammation and infection of the meninges caused by a virus, fungus or bacteria
Neuropathy loss of sensation that may feel like numbness, tingling, or the inability to feel
Neuropathies occur when nerves of the peripheral nervous system are damaged, caused by peripheral vascular disease, tissue ischemia and diabetes. Symptoms may include tingling, numbness, a burning sensation, pain or muscle weakness
Transient Ischemic attack (TIA) temporary loss of blood flow to the brain
Dysphasia partial impairment of language and speech impacting the ability to communicate
Aphasia Complete impairment of comprehension and expression in the verbal, written and signed modalities. Patients have difficulty with speech, understanding language and difficulty reading and writing
Migrane throbbing or pulsing head pain often confined ot one side of the head with sensory sensitivity, such as light, sound and movement
Tension headache Episodic generalized pain, feels like pressure around the circumference of the head
cluster headache Unilateral one-sided burning, stabbing, piercing pain. May have swelling or redness around affected eye
receptive aphasia damage to wernickes area; unable to understand language in written or spoken form
Expressive aphasia damage to broca’s area; unable to communicate language in written or spoken form
Hypoxia lack of oxygen supply
Paresthesia numbness or tingling of the extremities related to decreased circulation
Myasthenia lack of muscle strength or muscle tone
Myasthenia gravis a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that causes weakness of the voluntary muscle groups
Multiple Sclerosis Inflammatory nervous system disease; the mylein of the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord are damaged causing decreased nerve transmission and communication between the brain and body
Lethargic difficulty maintaining mentation or mentation is sluggish; patient is arousable and able to answer questions
Obtunded able to only keep the patient awake by verbal or tactile stimuli; patient is confused when awake
Stupor patient is unresponsive to verbal stimuli with decreased responsiveness to painful stimuli; nonverbal if patient opens eyes
Comatose lack of response to any stimuli
Anosmia inability to smell or identify the correct scent, indicating loss of function to olfactory nerve
Hypotonia decreased tone and may be seen in neuromuscular disorder
Flaccidity loss of muscle tone
Hypertonia increased muscle tone and may be result of injury to upper motor neurons
Rigidty muscles are contracted and tense; associated with Parkinson’s disease and neuromuscular injuries or disease
Spasticity increased motor tone causing stiffness and tight muscles
Hemiparesis loss of muscle tone, strength to unilateral side of body
Parapalegic absence of movement and sensation in lower extremities
Quadriplegic absence of movement and sensation in upper and lower extremities
Decorticate Posturing Consists of internal rotation and adduction of the arms with flexion of the elbows, wrists and fingers; plantar flexion of the feet with internal rotation; both legs are stiffly extended; indicates severe brain injury
Decerebrate posturing consist of arms stiffly extended, adducted, and hyperpronated with hyperextension of the legs and plantar flexion of the feet; legs are stiffly extended; indicated more serious damage in midbrain of brainstem
Dysmetria inability to preform point-to-point movements due to over or under projecting the finger to touch an object
Dysdiadochokinesis Uncoordinated, slow, and clumsy movements; may be a sign of cerebellar disease, Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis
Parkinson Disease a Progressive movement disorder caused by decreasing amounts of dopamine being produced in the brain; this causes a person to be unable to control movement normally
Pronator Drift test To assess motor function and proprioceptionNegative pronator drift: arms should remain in the extended position without drifting Positive Pronator drift: an arm does not remain raised, the palm may pronate or drop slightly
Romberg test To assess position sense and cerebellar function, balance, and coordination Negative Romberg test: maintains position without swaying or loss of balance, with and without opening eyesPositive Romberg test: swaying or loss of balance with or without eyes open may indicate cerebellar dysfunction or lesions in the cerebellum or spinal cord
Assessing graphesthesia to assess the sensation of touch or tactile stimulation
Assessing sterognosis to assess the perception of a shape or object
Tactile Agnosia the inability to process sensory information and to perceive and recognize an object by touch
Clonus a repetitive, rhythmic, uncontrolled reflex response caused by several neurological disorders
perimenopause may occur several years prior to menopause
Menopause occurs when the women has no menstural activity for a period of 12 months
Postmenopause the period of time after menopause when menopausal symptoms start to diminish
Mammogram one of the best screening tests to detect breast cancer; it is a film x-ray of the internal structures and tissues of the breasts
Sonogram a breath ultrasound that uses sound waves to take pictures of breast tissue
Papanicolaou test (pap smear) a screening test to detect abnormal cervical cells including cervical cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test screening for the HPV infection
Vaginal Specimans Obtained in woman with vaginal discharge; the specimen identifies the organisms causing symptoms
Amenorrhea absence of menstruation
Primary amenorrhea defined in women who are 15 years and older and have not had a menstrual cycle
Secondary amenorrhea the absence of a menstrual cycle for more than 3 months in girls or women who previously had a regular menstrual cycle for six months in girls or women who had irregular menses
Metrorraghia uterine bleeding at irregular intervals most often associated with dysfunctional ovaries
Menorrhagia excessive or prolonged duration of menses; may pass many clots with menstrual flow
Oligomenorrhea decreased or light menses
Primary dysmenorrhea menstrual pain occurring with ovulatory menstrual cycles
Polycystic ovarian syndrom (PCOS) an endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age that can cause irregular menstrual cycles
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) a group of symptoms occurring 1-2 weeks prior to menstruation
Fibrocystic breast disease is a benign painless lump or thickening of tissue that are felt in a womens breast
Breast cysts are fluid filled lumps in the breast; may or may not be painful
Fibroadenomas solid, round, rubbery lumps filled with fibrous and glandular tissues; these lumps move easily when pushed
Mastectomy the surgical removal of one or both breasts
Breast reduction surgery Removes breast tissue and skin to reduce size of the breasts
Breast Augmentation a surgical procedure to increase the size of one or both breasts
Supernumerary nipple an additional nipple
Mastitis redness and inflammation of the breast tissue often occurring in the postpartum period when breast feeding
Peau d’orange pitting, dimpling, or swelling seen in inflamed skin that overlies inflammatory carcinoma of the breast
Nipple Discharge normally seen in pregnant woman and one who is breast feeding an infant
Paget’s disease a type of breast cancer that may occur in the areola area
Pediculosis pubis presence of lice or nits
urethra caruncle a benign fleshy outgrowth at the urethral meatus
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
Gonorrhea inflammation of the urethra, prostate, rectum and or pharynx
Chlamydia an STI caused by bacteria. Symptom in men is penile discharge and painful urination
Testicular pain may be related to trauma, infection or cancer
testicular torsion occurs when the testicle twists inside the scrotum; decreasing the blood flow to the scrotum and causing severe pain; this is a surgical emergency
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) a non malignant enlargement of the prostate gland as part of the aging process
Hydrocele an accumulation of fluid around the testes
epididymitis swelling and inflammation of the epididymis
Genital herpes an STI caused by herpes simplex virus. painful fluid filled blisters or vesicles
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) the virus destroys the cells of the immune system and progresses and causes AIDS
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) an STI viral infection caused by retrovirus causing general flu-like symptoms. Progresses to AIDs
Syphilis STI and initial symptom is a sore called a chancre
Glynecomastia an enlarged or over developed fibroglandular breast tissue
condyloma acuminatum genital warts
hemorrhoids swollen, dilated veins that protrude from the lower rectum or anus
Melena black tarry stool<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"HESI NSG121\/ NSG 121 (Latest 2024\/ 2025 Update) Health Assessment | Review with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- Herzing HESI NSG121\/ NSG 121 (Latest 2024\/ 2025Update) Health Assessment | Review withQuestions and Verified Answers| 100%Correct| Grade A- HerzingQ: Nutritional AssessmentAnswer:Risk factors to review in a nutritional assessment include medical history, abnormal weighthistory, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-131675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131675","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=131675"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131675\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=131675"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=131675"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=131675"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}