to that of host, selective toxicity becomes<\/em> to achieve & undesirable side effects are more likely to occur More Similar; More difficult
Antimicrobial Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis ClindamycinErythromycin
Antimicrobial Drug that inhibits Folic Acid Synthesis SulfonamidesTrimethoprim
Antimicrobial Drug that inhibits Cell wall PenicillinVancomycin
Antimicrobial Drug that inhibits Cell membrane PolymyxinsDaptomycin
Antimicrobial Drug that inhibits DNA\/RNA QuinolonesRifampin
Broad spectrum Effective against wide variety of microbial typesEx: Tetracycline
Narrow Spectrum Effective against limited array of microbial typesEx: Isoniazid –> specific for Mycobacteria Tuberculosis
Drugs ending in -illin Attack the cell wall, specifically the Beta lactic ring
Cellular basis of Drug Resistance 1. Enzymes synthesze, inactivate drug2. Prevention of drug entry3. Drug eliminated, efflux of drugs4. Binding sites\/receptros altered5. Affect metabolic pathway shutdown or alternate pathway (persister cells)6. Spontaneous chromosome mutation & horizontal gene transfer
Persister cells If antibiotics are not taken in its entirety, these cells will come back around
Broad spectrum – Treats infection- Destroy good biota
Normal Flora begins when? Starts at birth
Ways for Fetus to gain Normal Flora Vaginal canal during birthBreast milkBottle feedingSkin contact (staff, parents, grandparents)
Level 4 Most virulent biosafety level
TORCH acronym ToxoplasmosisOther diseasesRubellaCytomegalovirusHerpes Simplex Virus
TORCH Common infections of fetus and neonate
Endotoxin LPS of outer membrane,Not actively secreted,Shed from outer membrane,ONLY gram-negative bacteriaEx: fever, septic shock
Exotoxin Secreted by a living bacterial cell to the infected tissueEx: lung, heart, kidney
Localized infection Enter’s body and remains confined to a specific tissueEx: warts, boils, fungal skin infections
Systemic infection Infection in the blood and all throughout the body nerves
Focal infection agnate breaks loose from a local infection and carried to other tissue
Mixed infection More than 1 bacteria causing a diseaseEx: wound infection, dental caries, human bite infection
Primary infection Initial infection
Secondary infection when primary infection complicated by another infection
Sign Objective measurement that can be seen with the naked eye
Symptom Subjective measurement about what patient says
Asymptomatic Infections that go unnoticed
Latency a dormant state of an infectious agentEx: chickenpox to shingles
Stages of an Infection 1. Incubation Period2. Prodromal Stage3. Period of invasion4. Convalescent
Incubation Period Time from initial contact to appearance of symptoms
Prodromal stage “notable symptoms start “”feel like I’m coming down with something”””
Period of invasion infectious agent multiplying at high levels, greatest virulence
Convalescent Symptoms decline, recovery
Reservoir Primary habitat in natural world from which a pathogen originates
Living Reservoirs Human CarrierZoonotic animalsVectors\/arthropodsNonliving\/inanimate
Vector Live animal that transmits infectious agent from one host to another
Biological vector Participates in pathogen’s life cycleEx: Chicken, bat
Mechanical vector Transport pathogen without being infected, no life cycleEx: cockroach, flies
Fomite Inanimate object that harbor and transmits pathogens, nonliving reservoir
Endemic # of cases over long period of time is steady on [articular geographic locale
Epidemic Greater frequency of disease than normal for population area
Sporadic Disease Occasional cases reported at irregular interval in random locales
Pandemic Spread of an epidemic across continents<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Exam 2: BIOS 242 \/ BIOS242 Review (Latest 2024\/ 2025 Update) Fundamentals of Microbiology with Lab| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A- Chamberlain Exam 2: BIOS 242 \/ BIOS242 Review (Latest2024\/ 2025 Update) Fundamentals ofMicrobiology with Lab| Questions andVerified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade AChamberlainQ: what are enzymes?Answer:biological catalysts that increase the rate of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-131841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=131841"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/131841\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=131841"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=131841"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=131841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}